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4月8日
Tense Consistency Exercises
A. Recognizing Shifts in Sentences
Check the following sentences for confusing shifts in tense. If the tense of each underlined verb expresses the time relationship accurately, write S (satisfactory). If a shift in tense is not appropriate, write U (unsatisfactory) and make necessary changes.
___ 1. If the club limited its membership, it will have to raise its dues.
___ 2. While Barbara puts in her contact lenses, the telephone rang.
___ 3. Thousands of people will see the art exhibit by the time it closes.
___ 4. By the time negotiations began, many pessimists have expressed doubt about them.
___ 5. After Capt. James Cook visited Alaska on his third voyage, he is killed by Hawaiian islanders in 1779.
___ 6. I was terribly disappointed with my grade because I studied very hard.
___ 7. The moderator asks for questions as soon as the speaker has finished.
___ 8. Everyone hopes the plan would work.
___ 9. Harry wants to show his friends the photos he took last summer.
___ 10. Scientists predict that the sun will die in the distant future.
___ 11. The boy insisted that he has paid for the candy bars.
___ 12. The doctor suggested bed rest for the patient, who suffers from a bad cold.
B. Completing Sentences
Complete these sentences, using the tense suggested.
1. We stand patiently, hoping that ____________________. (use future tense)
2. Advertisers seem to believe that ______________________. (use present tense)
3. By the time the fog lifted, ___________________________. (use past perfect tense)
4. We will leave for Florida as soon as __________________. (use present tense)
5. One student keeps repeating what __________________. (use present perfect tense)
6. Yesterday our track team competed in a meet that ___________________. (use past tense)
7. Before the crew paves a driveway, they always ____________________. (use present tense [habitual action])
8. Before the crew paves the driveway, they ______________________. (use future tense [one-time action])
9. By the time the letter arrives, _____________________. (use future perfect tense)
10. When the final report is published, _____________________. (use future tense)
C. Completing Paragraphs
In the following passage from Alex Haley's Roots, some of the verbs have been deliberately omitted. Supply the appropriate tense for each missing verb, the plain form of which is given in parentheses.
In Banjuh, the capital of Gambia, I met with a group of Gambians. They __ (tell) me how for centuries the history of Africa has been preserved. In the older villages of the back country, there are old men called griots, who __ (be) in effect living archives. Such men ___ (memorize) and, on special occasions, _ (recite) the cumulative histories of clans or families or villages as those histories ______ (have) long been told. Since my forefather ________(have) said his name was Kin-tay (properly spelled Kinte), and since the Kinte clan _______(be) known in Gambia, the group of Gambians would see what they could do to help me. I was back in New York when a registered letter ________(arrive) from Gambia.
Word ________(have) been passed in the back country, and a griot of the Kinte clan ________(have) , indeed, been found. His name, the letter said, _______(be) Kebba Kanga Fofana. I _______(return) to Gambia and ________(organize) a safari to locate him.
D. Controlling Shifts in Paragraphs
Read the following paragraph through, and determine the main tense. Then reread it and circle the three verbs that shift incorrectly from the main tense.
For the past seven years, I have called myself a swimmer. Swimming, my one sport, provides a necessary outlet for my abundant energy. I have always drawn satisfaction from exertion, straining my muscles to their limits. I don't know why pushing forward in the water, as my muscles cried out in pain, sets off a booming cheer in my head. Many times when I rounded the turn for the last lap of a race, my complaining muscles want to downshift and idle to the finish. My mind, however, presses the pedal to the floor and yells, "FASTER!" The moment that I touched the wall my muscles relax; the pain subsides. I am pleased to have passed the point of conflict. (adapted from Brendon MacLean, "Harder!") 4月5日
以下是短文写作中使用率最高、覆盖面最广的基本句式，每组句式的功能相同或相似，考生可根据自己的情况选择其中的1－2个，做到能够熟练正确地仿写或套用。
1．表示原因
1）There are three reasons for this．
2）The reasons for this are as follows．
3）The reason for this is obvious．
4）The reason for this is not far to seek．
5）The reason for this is that．．．
6）We have good reason to believe that．．．
例如：
There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life．Firstly，people’s living standard has been greatly improved．Secondly，most people are well paid， and they can afford what they need or like．Last but not least，more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life．
注：如考生写第一个句子没有把握，可将其改写成两个句子。如：Great changes have taken place in our life． There are three reasons for this．这样写可以避免套用中的表达失误。
2．表示好处
1）It has the following advantages．
2）It does us a lot of good．
3）It benefits us quite a lot．
4）It is beneficial to us．
5）It is of great benefit to us．
例如：
Books are like friends．They can help us know the world better，and they can open our minds and widen our horizons．Therefore，reading extensively is of great benefit to us．
3．表示坏处
1）It has more disadvantages than advantages．
2）It does us much harm．
3）It is harmful to us．
例如：
However，everything divides into two．Television can also be harmful to us．It can do harm to our health and make us lazy if we spend too much time watching television．
4．表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能
1）It is important（necessary，difficult，convenient， possible）for sb．to do sth．
2）We think it necessary to do sth．
3）It plays an important role in our life．
例如：
Computers are now being used everywhere，whether in the government，in schools or in business．Soon， computers will be found in every home，too．We have good reason to say that computers are playing an increasingly important role in our life and we have stepped into the Computer Age．
5．表示措施
1）We should take some effective measures．
2）We should try our best to overcome（conquer）the difficulties．
3）We should do our utmost in doing sth．
4）We should solve the problems that we are confronted（faced）with．
例如：
The housing problem that we are confronted with is becoming more and more serious．Therefore，we must take some effective measures to solve it．
6．表示变化
1）Some changes have taken place in the past five years．
2）A great change will certainly be produced in the world’s communications．
3）The computer has brought about many changes in education．
例如：
Some changes have taken place in people’s diet in the past five years．The major reasons for these changes are not far to seek．Nowadays，more and more people are switching from grain to meat for protein，and from fruit and vegetable to milk for vitamins．
7．表示事实、现状
1）We cannot ignore the fact that．．．
2）No one can deny the fact that．．．
3）There is no denying the fact that．．．
4）This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in．
5）However，that’s not the case．
例如：
We cannot ignore the fact that industrialization brings with it the problems of pollution．To solve these problems， we can start by educating the public about the hazards of pollution．The government on its part should also design stricter laws to promote a cleaner environment．
8．表示比较
1）Compared with A，B．．．
2）I prefer to read rather than watch TV．
3）There is a striking contrast between them．
例如：
Compared with cars，bicycles have several advantages besides being affordable．Firstly，they do not consume natural resources of petroleum．Secondly，they do not cause the pollution problem．Last but not least，they contribute to people’s health by giving them due physical exercise．
9．表示数量
1）It has increased（decreased）from．．．to．．．
2）The population in this city has now increased （decreased）to 800，000．
3）The output of July in this factory increased by 15％ compared with that of January．
例如：
With the improvement of the living standard，the proportion of people’s income spent on food has decreased while that spent on education has increased．
再如：
From the graph listed above，it can be seen that student use of computers has increased from an average of less than two hours per week in 1990 to 20 hours in 2000．
10．表示看法
1）People have（take，adopt，assume）different attitudes towards sth．
2）People have different opinions on this problem．
3）People take different views of（on）the question．
4）Some people believe that．．．Others argue that．．．
例如：
People have different attitudes towards failure．Some believe that failure leads to success．
Every failure they experience translates into a greater chance of success at their renewed endeavor．However， others are easily discouraged by failures and put themselves into the category of losers．
再如：
Do “lucky numbersreally bring good luck？Different people have different views on it．
注：一个段落有时很适宜以问句开始，考生应掌握这一写作方法。
11．表示结论
1）In short，it can be said that ．．．
2）It may be briefly summed up as follows．
3）From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that ．．．
例如：
From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that examination is necessary，however， its method should be improved．
注：例句1可用于任何一个段落的结论句；例句3则多用文章结论段的第一句。
12．套语
1）It’s well known to us that ．．．
2）As is known to us，．．．
3）This is a topic that is being widely talked about．
4）From the graph（table，chart）listed above，it can be seen that ．．．
5）As a proverb says，“Where there is a will，there is a way．
例如：
As is well known to us，it is important for the students to know the world outside campus．
The reason for this is obvious．Nowadays，the society is changing and developing rapidly，and the campus is no longer an “ivory tower．As college students，we must get in touch with the world outside the campus．Only in this way can we adapt ourselves to the society quickly after we graduate．
再如：
Does it pay to be honest？This is a topic that is being widely talked about and different people have different opinions on it．
这些题目是题库里反复出现的核心题目，并且具备举一反三的功能，即解决了一道题就基本上能解决一类题。这样，同学们就可以丰富自己应对这一类话题的ideas and expressions。
1. many people believe that the main aim for university education is to help graduates to find better jobs, while some people believe that university education has wider benefits for individuals and society . Discuss both views and give your opinion.71208
2. it is often said that the subjects taught in schools are too academic in orientation and that it would be more useful for children to learn about practical matters such as home management, work and interpersonal skills. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
3. Some people argue that teaching children of different abilities together benefits all of them. Others believe that intelligent children should be taught separately and given special treatment. Discuss both views and how do you think about it?
4. Higher education can be funded by several ways such as the following:1. All costs paid by the government; 2. All costs paid by the students;3. All costs paid by the government loan which students have to pay back after graduation.Please discuss both the advantages and disadvantages of all these three theories above and decide which the best is.
5. Schools are no longer necessary, because children can get so much information available through Internet, and they can study just as well at home. What extent do you agree or disagree?
6. Some people think teachers have a greater influnce than parents in the development of a child’s intelligence and social skills. Do you agree or disagree? 2008-9-6
7. Research indicates that the characteristics we are born with have much more influence on our personality and development than any experiences we may have in our life. Which do you consider to be the major influence?c5-t2
8. In many countries, more and more young people are leaving school and unable to find jobs after graduation. What problems do you think youth unemployment will cause to the individual and the society? Give reasons and make some suggestions.
9. it is generally acknowledged that families are now not as close as they used to be. What are the possible reasons for this and what can be done to reverse the trend?
10. It is now possible to perform everyday tasks, such as bank transaction, shopping or even office works, without meeting people face to face. What are the effects it may have on individuals and the society as a whole?
11. When a country develops its technology, the traditional skills and ways of life die out. It is pointless to try and keep them alive.To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?
12. Many people believe that the increasing use of modern technology at work and in leisure is reducing people’s creativity. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
13. Food can be produced cheaper if we use improved fertilizers and better machinery. However some of methods may be dangerous for human health, and have negative effects for local communities. What is your opinion?
14. Some people believe that air travel should be restricted because it causes serious pollution and uses up the world's fuel resources. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
15. Unlimited car use has brought us a lot of problems. What are these problems? And should we discourage people to use cars?
16. 15 Some people claim that public museums and art galleries will not be needed because people can see historical objects and works by using computer. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
17. Some people say that giving aid to poor countries has more negative effects than positive effects. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
18. In many countries，the proportion of older people is steadily increasing. Does this trend make positive or negative effects to society？
19. Some people think it is acceptable to use the animals in any way for benfits of human beings, while others think it is not justifiable. Discuss both sides and give your opinion.
20. Throughout the history, male leaders often made the society more violent and conflicting. If women governed the world, it would be a more peaceful world. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
21. Do the problems brought by international travel outweigh the advantages?
22. Several languages are dying out every year. Some people do not think it is important and say that our life will be simpler with fewer languages. To what extent do you agree or disagree.
23. In some countries, advertisers increase the amount of advertising which try to persuade children to buy snacks, toys，and other goods. Parents object to such pressure on children. But some advertisers claim that there is useful information in these advertisements. Discuss both views and give your opinion.
24. The government should control the amount of violence in films and on television in order to decrease the level of violent crimes in the society. Do you agree or disagree?
25. Sending criminals to the prison is not the best method of dealing with them. Education and job training are better ways to help them.
26. Some people say that governments should pay for the public health care and education, while others say that it is not the government’s responsibility. Please discuss both views and give your own opinion.
27. Some people believe that individuals can not improve environment, but only governments and big companies can make a difference. To what extend do you agree or disagree?
28. Some people believe that the personal happiness is directly related with the economic success. Others argue that the happiness depends on completely other factors. Discuss both of the views and give your own opinion 3月31日
雅思考试8分范文：教育带给我们什么？
雅思范文仅供参考，不可背诵，更不可用于实际考试，否则可能因为雷同得到极低分数，甚至0分。
What can education bring us? Is “high mark” the real destiny of education? As researchers and scholars are investigating this subject, the accurate definition of education begins to have slight difference from what was in people’s mind before. Education, the bridge between teachers and students, the mediator between individual and society, means more than knowledge transmit, but being a wholly developed person in the society.
First, education brings us basic knowledge and skill to survive. From primary school on, students learn subjects like Maths, Physics, English, or in other words, academic subjects to gain the initial knowledge of the nature and world, which are extremely useful for our future career. Upon this, students also learn skills like sewing, cooking, and mending bicycles, which help them a lot in their future family life. To this extend, education provided us with fundamental concepts of living.
Second, education can cultivate our sentiment. Apart from academic subjects, art subjects such as music and art seems more interesting toward students. From these subjects, one can enjoy the pleasure of listening to music, try to guess a composer’s emotion when writing a music chapter, or understand the meaning of a piece of drawing, from which process they themselves are edified and assimilated, and finally have their own clear opinion on what is beauty.
Third, education makes an individual adapted to the society. Being innocent and naive, young people always find it hard to immerge into the complicated environment, and feel frustrated. Through education like communication skills, students may know the essence of getting on with other people. This kind of education influences our personality and views everyone as a whole individual in the big family of society.
Above all, knowledge, emotion, and personality form the most important part of the content of education. The aim of education is to teach a per son become a completely developed individual.
Topic: The government should control the amount of violence in films and on television in order to decrease the level of violent crimes in the society. Do you aggress or disagree?
Prompted by some incidents of television and film inspired crimes, the issue of whether the government should control the amount of violence in films and on television has been a contentious discussion. Views on the topic vary greatly.
Advocates claim that the practice of controlling the amount of violence in mass media is a brazen violation of the people’s basic right to know the truth of the world. For example, some films contain some violence, but they reflect the things happened around us. Rather than producing negative effects on audience, to some extent, these films educate them. Furthermore, violence in films or on television programs cultivates people’s senses of crisis and responsibility, which makes ordinary people and police work better for public security. Consequently, it is irresponsible and foolish to blame the media for violence in our society.
However, opponents argue that violence in films and on television is detrimental to audience’s psychology. Taking fantasy for reality, people become aggressive and eccentric. They believe things can be solved by violence. In addition, violence has negative impacts on the stability of society. Research findings reveal that 60 percent of crimes are committed by teenagers after watching films or television which had a large amount of violence. Teenagers are so vulnerable and immature that they cannot judge whether the activities performed in mass media are right or not. As an illustration, a boy killed his younger sister in Australia because he imitated the violent scenes from television programs.
In my opinion, the disadvantages of controlling the amount of violence in media outweigh the advantages. But I believe the government should label how much violence the programs contain on the screens, and parents and teachers have responsibility to guide their children and help them to distinguish right from wrong when they watch violent programs.
是否应限制航空旅行
Air travel, once a privilege of the wealthy, has been gaining popularity worldwide over the last few decades. The number of people traveling by air has been growing by leaps and bounds. Some environmentalists, however, propose that air travel be limited, on the ground that it may give rise to a series of problems, including pollution and exhaustion of the world’s valuable energy resources. To my mind, it does not make much sense to restrict air travel.
The most important and obvious reason is that no other vehicle can travel as fast as an airplane. In other words, air travel may be the only and easiest option when it comes to long-distance trips. For example, if a student from China wishes to go to the United States for further studies, the only means of transportation that could send him to the destination is undoubtedly the plane. Also, for people traveling on a regular basis, such as those engaged in transnational business, air travel would mean less time on the road. This will certainly enable them to better prepare for their future tasks, such as business negotiations, both mentally and physically.
In addition, air travel offers the comfort that cannot be found elsewhere. Most people, who have the experience of traveling by air, are bound to miss the snacks and drinks served on board, as well as the smiles on the faces of flight attendants. In some cases, you could even enjoy a favorite movie while on a plane, completely unaware that you are hundreds of thousands of feet above ground.
Last but not least, it is important to bear in mind that air travel is simply a personal choice and should be respected. This clearly means that any attempt to restrict air travel would be seen as a violation of human rights and is both groundless and unjustified.
In summary, despite the various problems arising from air travel, it should not be limited or eliminated. What we should do is to give full play to the function of air travel, by maximizing its benefits while trying to come up with practical solutions to the existing problems, such as developing fuel-efficient airplanes and alternative energy resources.
9分一篇
Task 2: The government is responsible for protecting a nation’s cultural identity. Thus, some people believe new buildings should be built in traditional styles. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?
We all know that China’s history is a long and complex one which stretches over thousands of years. With such a long and varied history, it’s hard to accurately define our ‘cultural identity’. For example, in the Tang Dynasty, many people thought that fat women were the most beautiful, but now things are different, and most people think that slim girls are prettier. The same is true for building designs; some things that were desirable in the past are no longer popular.
I think that, as a country, we have a responsibility to preserve a piece of our past, but that doesn’t mean that we have to live in the past. Just because my relatives were farmers, doesn’t mean that every future generation has to live in a farmhouse, or even in a house that looks like a farmhouse.
Many modern buildings are safer than old buildings, because we have learned how to make stronger buildings that will last longer. I think that modern buildings that incorporate a subtle traditional style into their design are beautiful, but it’s also good for buildings to have a wild, modern, Chinese flavor. Each period of Chinese history is a little different, so we should leave room for new expression.
In the future, today’s newest designs may well become traditional. Keeping this fact in mind, I agree that some buildings should be built in traditional styles; however, we should also allow young Chinese architects to weave the essence of the current era into their building designs. The government is not only responsible for protecting a nation’s cultural identity; it also has a responsibility to allow for continued growth.
1. After pondering this question on many occasions, I finally reach the opinion that is something worthy to do and I cannot skip it.
2. Nowhere in the world has the issue of ___ been so much debated than in our society.
3. Despite the fact that the majority hold the opinion that ___ , I doubt whether the argument can bear much analysis.
4. Although it is an admirable idea, ___ is not always a realistic option.
5. Nowadays, some may hold the opinion that ___ . However others have a negative attitude. As far as I am concerned, I agree that ___ .
6. When it comes to___ , we find comfort in the idea that___ .
7. Until recently, ___ was viewed as the prime argument. However people are taking a fresh look at it.
8. At first thought, it may seem to be an attractive idea, but it does not bear closer analysis when we find ___ .
9. Superficially, it seems to be a sound solution. But when carefully weighing it in the mind, we find that___ .
10. A scrutiny of these arguments would reveal how fallacious they are.
11. ___ , however, I do not think that this view can hold water.
12. To suggest that ___ is the most obvious kind of nonsense.
13. Some people argue as if it is a general truth that ____ . However, to be frank, I cannot agree with them for the following reasons.
14. On the surface of it, this may seem to be a sound solution, but if thinking again, we would point out some drawbacks
3月5日中国大陆的A类大作文题目已证实为2006年5月27日北美雅思A类大作文考题。
作文题目:
Newspapers have become an enormousinfluence on people’s ideas and opinions. Why is this the case? Is it a desirable or undesirable situation?
满分范文:
The nickname of the “Uncrowned King” given to the modern journalist is by no means an exaggeration. In almost every modern society, newspapers have been playing an essential role in shaping people’s thoughts on a wide range of issues and are always regarded as an indispensablesource of information. In my opinion, this complex phenomenoncan be boiled down to several key factors, and both its positive and negative aspects need to be analyzed thoroughly.
To begin with, human curiosityis an underlying factor in the growing popularity of newspapers. As the only species on the planet equipped with extraordinary intelligence, humans are inveteratelycurious about the latest events around the globe. Therefore, all kinds of newspapers prosper in such an age that is gushing with information, appealing to people’s increasingly strong desire to know more about this constantly changing world. It is little wonder that numerousreaders are lured into heavier reliance on those well-established and internationally renowned newspapers.
To a large extent, this situation is a desirable one with its many positive aspects. First of all, in order to maintain their good reputation, most newspapers and magazines report actual events in a detailed way, providing not only factual information but also deep insights into complex social and political issues. In addition, circulated on a daily basis and across an extensive demographicregion, major newspapers have smoothly operated branch, seasoned correspondents and a highly efficient system to collect local news with the swiftest actions. Most importantly, their coverage and insightful comments can encourage young readers to form their own opinions on current affairs.
On the other hand, people should be fully aware of the downside of the journalistic dominance. More often than not, newspapers of national importance are largely controlled by the government and act as the organ of the authorities. By furnishing citizens with prejudiceand self-opinionated reports on sensitive issues, such as foreign affairs and national security, these newspapers can manipulate their perspectives and attitudes and exercise a sort of monopoly on their way of thinking. On a less serious level, flooding the pages with trivial pieces of entertainment news and celebrity secrets is the usual way to divert the public’s attention away from government scandals and to eclipsesuch social and economic ills as unemployment, crime and judicial incompetence.
In conclusion, although the positive functionof modern journalism are to be sufficiently recognized, people must not slacken their vigilance against the possible abuse of such a tremendous power that newspapers possess. In other words, while absorbing bits of information in the newspapers, readers are advised to adopt an objective approach and cast a discriminateye on their way of presentation, comments and implicit assumptions.
1.The bar chart illustrates that... 该柱状图展示了...
2.The graph provides some interesting data regarding...
该图为我们提供了有关...有趣数据。
3.The diagram shows (that)...该图向我们展示了...
4.The pie graph depicts (that)....该圆形图揭示了...
5.This is a cure graph which describes the trend of...这个曲线图描述了...的趋势。
6.The figures/statistics show (that)...数据（字）表明...
7.The tree diagram reveals how...该树型图向我们揭示了如何...
8.The data/statistics show (that)...该数据（字）可以这样理解...
9.The data/statistics/figures lead us to the conclusion that...
这些数据资料令我们得出结论...
10.According to the chart/figures...根据这些表（数字）...
11.As is shown in the table...如表格所示...
12.As can be seen from the diagram,great changes have taken place in...
从图中可以看出，...发生了巨大变化。
13.From the table/chart/diagram/figure,we can see clearly that...or it is clear/apparent from the chart that...
从图表我们可以很清楚（明显）看到...
14.This is a graph which illustrates...这个图表向我们展示了...
15.This table shows the changing proportion of a & b from..123...
该表格描述了...年到...年间a与b的比例关系。
16.The graph,presented in a pie chart, shows the general trend in...
该图以圆形图形式描述了...总的趋势。
17.This is a column chart showing...这是个柱型图，描述了...
18.As can be seen from the graph,the two curves show the flutuation of...
如图所示，两条曲线描述了...的波动情况。
19.Over the period from..123...the...remained level.
在...至...期间，...基本不变。
20.In the year between...a12..
在...年到...期间...
21.In the 3 years spanning from 1995 through 1998...
1995年至1998三年里...
22.From then on/from this time onwards...
从那时起...
23.The number of...remained steady/stable from (month/year) to (month/year)....月(年)至...月（年)...的数量基本不变。
24.The number sharply went up to...数字急剧上升至...
25.The percentage of...stayed the same between...a12..
...至...期间...的比率维持不变。
26.The figures peaked at...in(month/year)
...的数目在...月（年）达到顶点，为...
27.The percentage remained steady at...比率维持在...
28.The graphs show a threefold increase in the number of...
该图表表明...的数目增长了三倍。
29.The situation reached a peak(a high point at) of[%].
...的情况（局势）到达顶（高）点，为...百分点。
30.The figures/situation bottomed out in...数字（情况）在...达到底部。
31.The figures reached the bottom/a low point/hit a trough.
数字（情况）达到底部（低谷）。
32.a is ...times as much/many as b.a是b的...倍。
33.a increased by...a增长了...
34.a increased to...a增长到...
35.high/low/great/small/ percentage.比低高（低）
36.there is an upward trend in the number of......数字呈上升趋势。
37.A considerable increase/decrease occurred from.123..到..发生急剧上升。
38.From..123...the rate of decrease slow down.从...到...，下降速率减慢。
39.There are a lot similarities/differences between...a12..
...与...之间有许多相似（不同）之处
40.a has something in common with b a于b有共同之处。
41.the difference between a and b lies in... a与b之间的差别在于...
42...(year)witnessed/saw a sharp rise in... ...年...急剧上升。
文章由段落组成，段落由句子组成，句子是表达思想的基本单位，因此写作得分的高低在很大程度上取决于句子写作水平的高低。要写出好的、吸引人的文章可以从句式的变化入手。不同类型的句子有不同的特点和用途，句式不同，表达的效果也会不同。只有在写作中保持句式的多样化，才能够使文章生动活泼、引人入胜。以下介绍几种保持句式多样化的方法： 一、巧用连接词
如果在写作中大量使用简单句，势必会导致句式单一，正确使用连接词不仅能够将简单句合并，而且能够将文章的内容更清楚、更连贯地表达出来。在表示逻辑关系时，可以选用以下四种连接词。
表示增补的连接词：and, as well as, besides, furthermore, moreover, not only...but also等；
表示转折的连接词：however, in spite, though, but, otherwise, whereas, nonetheless等；
表示原因的连接词：since, as, so, because, why等；
表示时间的连接词：before, after, since, as, until, meanwhile, when, whenever, as soon as等。
同时还可使用一些表示从属关系的连接词，如who，,what, that, which等。例如：
He was born in a small village. His father was a teacher in the village school. His mother did the housework. He began to go to his father's school at seven. He graduated from it six years later. He went to the junior middle school in a nearby town. He studied at a senior middle school in the county. He was a good student there.
尽管这段话中所有的句子都是正确的，但是句型单一，而且在八个句子中只有"His father"和"His mother"两个不同的主语，其他句子都是以"He"开头的。下面是修改后的段落：
He was born in a small village. His father taught at the village school and his mother did the housework. He began to study at his father's school at seven and six years later entered the junior middle school in a nearby town. After graduating from it he was admitted to a senior middle school in the county, where he proved to be a good student.
二、活用短语
简练是写作的一个重要原则。有时可以根据前后句子之间的关系，通过灵活使用分词短语、不定式短语、介词短语或形容词短语将从句简化成短语，这样不仅能够丰富句式，还能够用最少的词汇准确地表达最多的信息。例如：
1.If he had been born in the new society, he would have developed into a great artist.
2.She was so weak that she couldn't even stand up.
3.She was frightened when she saw a lion staring at her.
4.As she was not satisfied with this, she tried to think of a better solution.
可以把以上从句分别改成下面四个短语，从而达到用较少的词汇表达同样的内容，而且更符合英语的表达习惯：
1.Born in the new society, he would have developed into a great artist.
2.She was too weak to stand up.
3.She was frightened at the sight of a lion staring at her.
4.Not satisfied with this, she tried to think of a better solution.
三、长短句相间
长句和短句各有其优点和缺点。长句因为使用了较多的限定语，限制了概念的外延，增加了概念的内涵，所以比较精确，但使用起来不太灵活、方便。短句直截了当，一般比较简洁、有力，但不利于表达复杂的信息。因此，在写作中应长短句交替使用。例如：
I like reading novels. They often tell me interesting and moving stories. Some stories are also instructive. They describe good and evil people. They describe the bright side and the dark side of life. They help me distinguish between right and wrong. In this way they have helped me understand people and life. As a result, I seem to have become wiser.
此段中一共有八个简单句，句型结构单一，而且句子长短相近，十分单调。下面是修改后的段落：
I like reading novels because they tell interesting and moving stories. Moreover, some stories are instructive. By describing good and evil people，and the bright side and the dark side of life, such stories help me to distinguish between right and wrong, and understand people and life. Reading them has perhaps made me wiser.
修改后的段落句子长短相间，中心意思(作者从阅读小说中学到了哪些东西)更加明确。修改稿没有将原稿中的第三句和最后一句与其他的句子融合在一起，因为短句通常更有力，能够强调重要内容，所以仍保持简单句的句式。
四、巧用倒装结构
英语的基本句型是：主语＋谓语＋宾语或主语＋系表结构，但是如果偶尔改变某一句子成分的位置，可以收到意想不到的表达效果。例如：
1.Under no circumstances should we do anything that will benefit ourselves but at the same time harm the interests of others.
2.In her he has absolute faith.
3.By no means should we look down upon people who have less education than we do.
总之，考生在平时的写作过程中要有意识地运用一些有效的手段来改变句式，而在考试过程中应抽出几分钟的时间对草稿的句式进行适当的调整，以避免句式的单一。只有这样，才能够保证提高自己的写作水平，同时在考试中取得好的成绩
以下写作经典200句背诵完会使你的写作水平突飞猛进，记住一定要烂熟于心，可以使用超循环背诵大表进行背诵，使背诵变得轻松有计划，更重要的是减少遗忘。200句并不多，永远是熟能生巧，你一辈子用的句子无非就是几十句，这200句是我们写作教学组6年时间提举出来的国外经典文章中的句子，是精华中的精华，不仅运用于写作，这些精彩的句式可以运用于口语中，使你的表达非凡！
背诵方法：（原则:短时间搞定）
1、分单元背，把200个句子根据你自己的进度订计划，清楚每天背多少个新句子，多少个复习句子（建议使用超循环大表）
2、汉译英练习
3、默写
4、口头背诵
这些句子仅靠参考，请谨慎使用！
1. According to a recent survey, four million people die each year from diseases linked to smoking.
依照最近的一项调查，每年有4，000，000人死于与吸烟有关的疾病。
2. The latest surveys show that quite a few children have unpleasantassociations with homework.
最近的调查显示相当多的孩子对家庭作业没什么好感。
3. No invention has received more praise and abuse than Internet.
没有一项发明像互联网一样同时受到如此多的赞扬和批评。
4. People seem to fail to take into account the fact that education does not end with graduation.
人们似乎忽视了教育不应该随着毕业而结束这一事实。
5. An increasing number of people are beginning to realizethat education is not complete with graduation.
越来越多的人开始意识到教育不能随着毕业而结束。
6. When it comes to education, the majority of people believe that education is a lifetime study.
说到教育，大部分人认为其是一个终生的学习。
7. Many experts point out that physical exercise contributes directly to a person's physical fitness.
许多专家指出体育锻炼直接有助于身体健康。
8. Proper measures must be taken to limit the number of foreign tourists and the great efforts should be made to protect local environment and history from the harmful effects of international tourism.
应该采取适当的措施限制外国旅游者的数量，努力保护当地环境和历史不受国际旅游业的不利影响。
9. An increasing number of experts believe that migrants will exert positive effects on constructionof city. However, this opinion is now being questioned by more and more city residents, who complain that the migrants have brought many serious problems like crime and prostitution.
越来越多的专家相信移民对城市的建设起到积极作用。然而，越来越多的城市居民却怀疑这种说法，他们抱怨民工给城市带来了许多严重的问题，像犯罪和卖淫。
10. Many city residents complain that it is so few buses in their city that they have to spend much more time waiting for a bus, which is usually crowded with a large number of passengers.
许多市民抱怨城市的公交车太少，以至于他们要花很长时间等一辆公交车，而车上可能已满载乘客。（超循环背诵大表）
11. There is no denying the fact that air pollution is an extremely serious problem: the city authorities should take strong measures to deal with it.
无可否认，空气污染是一个极其严重的问题：城市当局应该采取有力措施来解决它。
12. An investigation shows that female workers tend to have a favorable attitudetoward retirement.
一项调查显示妇女欢迎退休。
13. A proper part-time job does not occupy students' too much time. In fact, it is unhealthy for them to spend all of time on their study. As an old saying goes: All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.
一份适当的业余工作并不会占用学生太多的时间，事实上，把全部的时间都用到学习上并不健康，正如那句老话：只工作，不玩耍，聪明的孩子会变傻。
14. Any government, which is blind to this point, may pay a heavy price.
任何政府忽视这一点都将付出巨大的代价。
15.Nowadays, many students always go into raptures at the mere mention of the coming life of high school or college they will begin. Unfortunately, for most young people, it is not pleasant experience on their first day on campus.
当前，一提到即将开始的学校生活，许多学生都会兴高采烈。然而，对多数年轻人来说，校园刚开始的日子并不是什么愉快的经历。
16. In view of the seriousness of this problem, effectivemeasures should be taken before things get worse.
考虑到问题的严重性，在事态进一步恶化之前，必须采取有效的措施。
17. The majority of students believe that part-time job will provide them with more opportunities to develop their interpersonal skills, which may put them in a favorable position in the future job markets.
大部分学生相信业余工作会使他们有更多机会发展人际交往能力，而这对他们未来找工作是非常有好处的。
18. It is indisputable that there are millions of people who still have a miserable life and have to face the dangers of starvation and exposure.
无可争辩，现在有成千上万的人仍过着挨饿受冻的痛苦生活。
19. Although this view is wildly held, this is little evidence that education can be obtained at any age and at any place.
尽管这一观点被广泛接受，很少有证据表明教育能够在任何地点、任何年龄进行。
20. No one can deny the fact that a person's education is the most important aspect of his life.
没有人能否认：教育是人生最重要的一方面。
21. People equate success in life with the ability of operating computer.
人们把会使用计算机与人生成功相提并论。
22. In the last decades, advances in medical technologyhave made it possible for people to live longer than in the past.
在过去的几十年，先进的医疗技术已经使得人们比过去活的时间更长成为可能。
23. In fact, we have to admit the fact that the quality of life is as important as life itself.
事实上，我们必须承认生命的质量和生命本身一样重要。
24. We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.
我们应该不遗余力地美化我们的环境。
25. People believe that computer skills will enhance their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.
人们相信拥有计算机技术可以获得更多工作或提升的机会。
26. The information I've collected over last few years leads me to believe that this knowledge may be less useful than most people think.
从这几年我搜集的信息来看，这些知识并没有人们想象的那么有用。
27. Now, it is generally accepted that no college or university can educate its students by the time they graduation.
现在，人们普遍认为没有一所大学能够在毕业时候教给学生所有的知识。
28. This is a matter of life and death--a matter no country can afford to ignore.
这是一个关系到生死的问题，任何国家都不能忽视。
29. For my part, I agree with the latter opinion for the following reasons:
我同意后者，有如下理由：
30. Before giving my opinion, I think it is important to look at the argumentson both sides.
在给出我的观点之前，我想看看双方的观点是重要的。
31. This view is now being questioned by more and more people.
这一观点正受到越来越多人的质疑。
32. Although many people claim that, along with the rapidly economic development, the number of people who use bicycle are decreasing and bicycle is bound to die out. The information I've collected over the recent years leads me to believe that bicycle will continue to play extremely important roles in modern society.
尽管许多人认为随着经济的高速发展，用自行车的人数会减少，自行车可能会消亡，然而，这几年我收集的一些信息让我相信自行车仍然会继续在现代社会发挥极其重要的作用。
33. Environmental experts point out that increasing pollution not only causes serious problems such as global warming but also could threatento end human life on our planet.
环境学家指出：持续增加的污染不仅会导致像全球变暖这样严重的问题，而且还将威胁到人类在这个星球的生存。
34. In view of such serious situation, environmental tools of transportation like bicycle are more important than any time before.
考虑到这些严重的状况，我们比以往任何时候更需要像自行车这样的环保型交通工具。
35. Using bicycle contributes greatly to people's physical fitness as well as easing traffic jams.
使用自行车有助于人们的身体健康，并极大地缓解了交通阻塞。
36. Despite many obvious advantages of bicycle, it is not without its problem.
尽管自行车有许多明显的优点，但是它也存在它的问题。
37. Bicycle can't be compared with other means of transportation like car and train for speed and comfort.
在速度和舒适度方面，自行车是无法和汽车、火车这样的交通工具相比的。
38. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that advantages of bicycle far outweigh its disadvantages and it will still play essential roles in modern society.
通过以上讨论，我们可以得出结论：自行车的优点远大于缺点，并且在现代社会它仍将发挥重要作用。
39. There is a general discussion these days over education in many colleges and institutes. One of the questions under debate is whether education is a lifetime study.
当前在高校和研究机构对教育存在着大量争论，其中一个问题就是教育是否是个终身学习的过程。
40. This issue has caused wide public concern.
这个问题已经引起了广泛关注。
41. It must be noted that learning must be done by a person himself.
必须指出学习只能靠自己。
42. A large number of people tend to live under the illusion that they had completed their education when they finished their schooling. Obviously, they seem to fail to take into account the basic fact that a person's education is a most important aspect of his life.
许多人存在这样的误解，认为离开学校就意味着结束了他们的教育。显然，他们忽视了教育是人生重要部分这一基本事实。
43. As for me, I'm in favor of the opinion that education is not complete with graduation, for the following reasons:
就我而言，我同意教育不应该随着毕业而结束的观点，有以下原因：
44. It is commonly accepted that no college or university can educate its students by the time they graduate.
人们普遍认为高校是不可能在毕业的时候教会他们的学生所有知识的。
45. Even the best possible graduate needs to continue learning before she or he becomes an educated person.
即使最优秀的毕业生，要想成为一个博学的人也要不断地学习。
46. It is commonly thought that our society had dramatically changed by modern science and technology, and human had made extraordinaryprogress in knowledge and technology over the recent decades.
人们普遍认为我们的现代科技使我们的社会发生了巨大的变化，近几十年人类在科技方面取得了惊人的进步。
47. Now people in growing numbers are beginning to believe that learning new skills and knowledge contributes directly to enhancing their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.
现在越来越多的人开始相信学习新的技术和知识能直接帮助他们获得工作就会或提升的机会。
48. An investigation shows that many older people express a strong desire to continue studying in university or college.
一项调查显示许多老人都有到大学继续学习的愿望。
49. For the majority of people, reading or learning a new skill has become the focus of their lives and the source of their happiness and contentment after their retirement.
对大多数人来讲，退休以后，阅读或学习一项新技术已成为他们生活的中心和快乐的来源。
50. For people who want to adopt a healthy and meaningful life style, it is important to find time to learn certain new knowledge. Just as an old saying goes: it is never too late to learn.
对于那些想过上健康而有意义的生活的人们来说，找时间学习一些新知识是很重要的，正如那句老话：活到老，学到老。
51. There is a general debate on the campus today over the phenomenon of college or high school students' doing a part-time job.
对于大学或高中生打工这一现象，校园里进行着广泛的争论。
52. By taking a major-related part-job, students can not only improve their academic studies, but gain much experience, experience they will never be able to get from the textbooks.
通过做一份和专业相关的工作，学生不仅能够提高他们的专业能力，而且能获得从课本上得不到的经验。
53. Although people’s lives have been dramatically changed over the last decades, it must be admitted that, shortage of funds is still the one of the biggest questions that students nowadays have to face because that tuitionfees and prices of books are soaring by the day.
近几十年，尽管人们的生活有了惊人的改变，但必须承认，由于学费和书费日益飞涨，资金短缺仍然是学生们面临的最大问题之一。
54. Consequently, the extra money obtained from part-time job will strongly support students to continue to their study life.
因此，业余工作挣来的钱将强有力地支持学生们继续他们的求学生活。
55. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw a conclusion that part-time job can produce a far-reaching impact on students and they should be encouraged to take part-time job, which will benefit students and their family, even the society as a whole.
通过上面的讨论，我们不难得出结论：业余工作对学生们会产生深远的影响，我们应鼓励学生从事业余工作，这将有利于学生和他们的家庭，甚至整个社会。
56. These days, people in growing numbers are beginning to complain that work is more stressful and less leisurely than in past. Many experts point out that, along with the development of modern society, it is an inevitable result and there is no way to avoid it.
现在，越来越多的人们开始抱怨工作比以前更有压力。许多专家指出这是现代社会发展必然的结果，无法避免。
57. It is widely acknowledged that computer and other machines have become an indispensable part of our society, which make our life and work more comfortable and less laborious.
人们普遍认为计算机和其他机器已经成为我们社会必不可少的一部分。 它们使我们的生活更舒适，减少了大量劳动。
58. At the same time, along with the benefits of such machines, employees must study knowledge involved in such machines so that they are able to control them.
同时，随着这些机器带给我们的好处，员工们也必须要学习与之相关的知识以便使用它们。
59. No one can deny the basic fact that it is impossible for average workers to master those high-technology skills easily.
没有人能否认这一基本事实：对于一般工人来讲，轻松掌握这些技术是不可能的。
60. In the second place, there seem to be too many people without job and not enough job position.
第二方面，失业的人似乎太多而又没有足够的工作岗位。
61. Millions of people have to spend more time and energy on studying new skills and technology so that they can keep a favorable position in job market.
成千上万的人们不得不花费更多的精力和时间学习新的技术和知识，使得他们在就业市场能保持优势。
62. According to a recent survey, a growing number of people express a strong desire to take another job or spend more time on their job in order to get more money to support their family.
根据最近的一项调查，越来越多的人表达了想从事另外的工作或加班以赚取更多的钱来补贴家用的强烈愿望。
63. From what has been discussed above, I am fully convinced that the leisurelife-style is undergoing a decline with the progress of modern society, it is not necessary a bad thing.
通过以上讨论，我完全相信，随着现代社会的进步，幽闲的生活方式正在消失并不是件坏事。
64. The problem of international tourism has caused wide public concern over the recent years.
近些年，国际旅游的问题引起了广泛关注。
65. Many people believe that international tourism produce positive effects on economic growth and local government should be encouraged to promote international tourism.
许多人认为国际旅游对经济发展有积极作用，应鼓励地方政府发展国际旅游。
66. But what these people fail to see is that international tourism may bring about a disastrous impact on our environment and local history.
但是这些人忽视了国际旅游可能会给当地环境和历史造成的灾难性的影响。
67. As for me, I'm firmly convinced that the number of foreign tourists should be limited, for the following reasons:
就我而言，我坚定地认为国外旅游者的数量应得到限制，理由如下：
68. In addition, in order to attracttourists, a lot of artificial facilities have been built, which have certain unfavorable effects on the environment.
另外，为了吸引旅游者，大量人工设施被修建，这对环境是不利的。
69. For lack of distinct culture, some places will not attract tourists any more. Consequently, the fast rise in number of foreign tourists may eventually lead to the decline of local tourism.
由于缺乏独特的文化，一些地方不再吸引旅游者。因此，国外旅游者数量的快速增加可能最终会导致当地旅游业的衰败。
70. There is a growing tendency for parents to ask their children to accept extra educational programs over the recent years.
近些年，父母要求他们的孩子接受额外的教育呈增长的势头。
71. This phenomenon has caused wide public concern in many places of world.
这一现象在全世界许多地方已引起了广泛关注。
72. Many parents believe that additional educational activities enjoy obvious advantage. By extra studies, they maintain, their children are able to obtain many kinds of practical skills and useful knowledge, which will put them in a beneficial position in the future job markets when they grow up.
许多家长相信额外的教育活动有许多优点，通过学习，他们的孩子可以获得很多实践技能和有用的知识，当他们长大后，这些对他们就业是大有好处的。
73. In the first place, extra studies bring about unhealthy impacts on physical growth of children. Educational experts point out that, it is equally important to take some sport activities instead of extra studies when children have spent the whole day in a boring classroom.
首先，额外的学习对孩子们的身体发育是不利的。教育专家指出，孩子们在枯燥的教室里呆了一整天后，从事一些体育活动，而不是额外的学习，是非常重要的。
74. Children are undergoing fast physical development; lack of physical exercise may produce disastrousinfluence on their later life.
孩子们正处于身体快速发育时期，缺乏体育锻炼可能会对他们未来的生活造成严重的影响。
75. In the second place, from psychological aspect, the majority of children seem to tend to have an unfavorable attitude toward additional educational activities.
第二，从心理上讲，大部分孩子似乎对额外的学习没有什么好感。
76. It is hard to imagine a student focusing their energy on textbook while other children are playing.
当别的孩子在玩耍的时候，很难想象一个学生能集中精力在课本上。
77. Moreover, children will have less time to play and communicate with their peers due to extra studies, consequently, it is difficult to develop and cultivatetheir character and interpersonal skills. They may become more solitary and even suffer from certain mental illness.
而且，由于要额外地学习，孩子们没有多少时间和同龄的孩子玩耍和交流，很难培养他们的个性和交际能力。他们可能变得孤僻甚至产生某些心理疾病。
78. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that, although extra studies indeed enjoy many obvious advantages, its disadvantages shouldn't be ignored and far outweigh its advantages. It is absurd to force children to take extra studies after school.
通过以上讨论，我们可以得出结论：尽管额外学习的确有很多优点，但它的缺点不可忽视，且远大于它的优点。因此，放学后强迫孩子额外学习是不明智的
79. Any parents should place considerableemphasis on their children to keep the balance between play and study. As an old saying goes: All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.
任何家长都应非常重视保持孩子学习与玩耍的平衡，正如那句老话：只工作，不玩耍，聪明的孩子会变傻
80. There is a growing tendency for parent these days to stay at home to look after their children instead of returning to work earlier.
现在，父母亲留在家里照顾孩子而不愿过早返回工作岗位正成为增加的趋势。
81. Parents are firmly convinced that, to send their child to kindergartens or nursery schools will have an unfavorable influence on the growth of children.
父母们坚定地相信把孩子送到幼儿园对他们的成长不利。
82. However, this idea is now being questioned by more and more experts, who point out that it is unhealthy for children who always stay with their parents at home.
然而，这一想法正遭受越来越多的专家的质疑，他们指出，孩子总是呆在家里，和父母在一起，是不健康的
83. Although parent would be able to devote much more time and energy to their children, it must be admitted that, parent has less experience and knowledge about how to educate and supervise children, when compared with professional teachers working in kindergartens or nursery schools
尽管父母能在他们孩子身上投入更多时间和精力，但是必须承认，与工作在幼儿园的专职教师相比，他们在如何管理教育孩子方面缺乏知识和经验
84. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw a conclusion that, although the parents' desire to look after children by themselves is understandable, its disadvantages far outweighthe advantages
通过以上讨论，我们可以得出结论：尽管家长想亲自照看孩子的愿望是可以理解的，但是这样做的缺点远大于优点
85. Parents should be encouraged to send their children to nursery schools, which will bring about profound impacts on children and families, and even the society as a whole.
应该鼓励父母将他们的孩子送到幼儿园，这将对孩子，家庭，甚至整个社会产生深远的影响
86. Many leaders of government always go into raptures at the mere mention of artistic and cultural projects. They are forever talking about the nice parks, the smart sculptures in central city and the art galleries with various valuable rarities. Nothing, they maintain, is more essential than such projects in the economic growth.
只要一提起艺术和文化项目，一些政府领导就会兴奋不已，他们滔滔不绝地说着美丽的公园，城市中心漂亮的雕塑，还有满是稀世珍宝的艺术展览馆。他们认为在经济发展中，没有什么比这些艺术项目更重要了
87. But is it really the case? The information I've collected over last few years leads me to believe that artistic and cultural projects may be less useful than many governments think. In fact, basic infrastructure projects are playing extremely important role and should be given priority
这是真的吗？这些年我收集的信息让我相信这些文化、艺术项目并没有许多政府想象的那么重要。事实上，基础设施建设非常重要，应该放在首位
88. Those who are in favor of artistic and cultural projects advocate that cultural environment will attract more tourists, which will bring huge profits to local residents. Some people even equate the build of such projects with the improving of economic construction
那些赞成建设文化艺术项目的人认为文化环境会吸引更多的游客，这将给当地居民带来巨大的利益。一些人甚至把建设文化艺术项目与发展经济建设等同起来
89. Unfortunately, there is very few evidence that big companies are willing to invest a huge sums of money in a place without sufficient basic projects, such as supplies of electricity and water
然而，很少有证据表明大公司愿意把巨额的资金投到一个连水电这些基础设施都不完善的地方去
90. From what has been discussed above, it would be reasonable to believe that basic projects play far more important role than artistic and cultural projects in people's life and economic growth
通过以上讨论，我们有理由相信在人们的生活和经济发展方面，基础建设比艺术文化项目发挥更大的作用
91. Those urban planners who are blind to this point will pay a heavy price, which they cannot affordit
那些城市的规划者们如果忽视这一点，将会付出他们无法承受的代价
92. There is a growing tendency these days for many people who live in rural areas to come into and work in city. This problem has caused wide public concern in most cities all over the world
农民进城打工正成为增长的趋势，这一问题在世界上大部分城市已引起普遍关注
93. An investigation shows that many emigrants think that working at city provide them with not only a higher salary but also the opportunity of learning new skills
一项调查显示许多民工认为在城市打工不仅有较高的收入，而且能学到一些新技术
94. It must be noted that improvement in agriculture seems to not be able to catch up with the increase in population of rural areas and there are millions of peasants who still live a miserable life and have to face the dangers of exposure and starvation.
必须指出，农业的发展似乎赶不上农村人口的增加，并且仍有成千上万的农民过着缺衣挨饿的贫寒生活
95. Although rural emigrants contribute greatly to the economic growth of the cities, they may inevitably bring about many negative impacts.
尽管民工对城市的经济发展做出了巨大贡献，然而他们也不可避免的带来了一些负面影响
96. Many sociologists point out that rural emigrants are putting pressure on population control and social order; that they are threatening to take already scarce city jobs; and that they have worsened traffic and public health problems.
许多社会学家指出民工正给人口控制和社会治安带来压力。他们正在威胁着本已萧条的工作市场，他们恶化了交通和公共卫生状况。
97. It is suggested that governments ought to make efforts to reduce the increasing gap between cities and countryside. They ought to set aside an appropriate fund for improvement of the standard of peasants' lives. They ought to invite some experts in agriculture to share their experiences, informationand knowledge with peasants, which will contribute directly to the economic growth of rural areas.
建议政府应该努力减少正在拉大的城乡差距。应该划拨适当的资金提高农民的生活水平；应该邀请农业专家向农民介绍他们的经验，知识和信息，这些将有助于发展农村经济。
98. In conclusion, we must take into account this problem rationally and place more emphases on peasants' lives. Any government that is blind to this point will pay a heavy price.
总之，我们应理智考虑这一问题，重视农民的生活。任何政府忽视这一点都将付出巨大的代价。
99. Although many experts from universities and institutes consistently maintain that it is an inevitable part of an independent life, parents in growing numbers are starting to realize that people, including teachers and experts in education, should pay considerable attention to this problem.
尽管来自高校和研究院的许多专家坚持认为这是独立生活不可避免的一部分，然而越来越多的家长开始意识到包括教师和教育专家在内的人该认真对待这一问题。
100. As for me, it is essential to know, at first, what kind of problems young students possible would encounter on campus.
我认为，首先应看看学生们在校园可能遇到哪些问题
101. In addition to the obvious problem--loneliness, another major obstacle, in my opinion, is the alien environment of campus.
除了孤独这一明显的问题之外，我认为另一个困难是对校园环境的不熟悉
102. Freshmen often get lost on campus; fail to find the way to dormitory or library.
新生常常在校园迷路，不知道去宿舍或图书馆该怎么走
103. Most important of all, apart from their hometown and parents, students couldn't catch sight of any familiar face and have to suffer from homelessness, which can cause certain serious mental disease.
更重要的是，离开了家乡和父母，看不到任何熟悉的面孔，他们不得不忍受思家之苦，这可能会导致严重的精神疾病。
104. In the first place, school authorities should provide far more services to help freshmen to get used to the new life as soon as possible.
首先，学校应提供更多的服务，帮助新生尽快适应新的生活
105. The senior and junior students could share their own experience about how to overcomethe difficulty they have ever met, how to adjust to the new environment with the new students.
高年级学生可以与新生一起分享他们的经历：如何克服遇到的困难，如何适应新的环境
106. At the same time, young people should be encouraged to communicate with their peers and develop their interpersonal skills, which may help them greatly to reduce dependence on their parents and are essential in the maintenance of healthy mental condition.
同时，应该鼓励年轻人和他们的同龄人交往，发展他们的交际能力，这将帮助他们极大地减少对父母的倚赖并保持健康的精神状态
107. In conclusion, we must lay emphasis on this problem and make our maximum contribution to help them spend their first day on campus smoothly.
总之，我们应重视这个问题，尽最大努力帮助他们平稳度过他们最初的校园生活
108. There is a general discussion over fashion in recent years. One of the questions under debate is whether a person should choose comfortable clothes, which he or she likes, regardless of fashion.
近些年，关于时尚存在着广泛的争论。其中一个问题就是一个人是否应选择他喜欢的舒适的衣服，而不管是否时尚
109. This issue is becoming a matter of concernfor more and more people, especially for parents and experts in education.
这一问题已被越来越多的人关注，尤其是父母和教育专家
110. Many young people always go into raptures at the merely mention of buying fashion clothes. And they seem to be attracted by colorful material, various styles of fashion clothes. There is nothing, they maintain, that can't be compared with fashion clothes. In fact, fashion clothes had become indispensable part of youngster's life.
许多年轻人一提到时尚服装就兴高采烈。他们似乎被时尚服装那多彩的面料，各种不同的款式所吸引。
111. Many people seem to overlook the basic fact: the major function of clothing is to keep us warm and comfortable.
许多人似乎忽视了这个基本事实：衣服的基本功能是保持我们舒适和温暖。
112. Furthermore, people who addict to fashion clothes have to spend more time going shopping and pay more attention to the impression they make on others. As a result, it is impossible to devote enough time and energy in their study and job.
而且，沉湎于时尚服装的人们不得不花费更多时间逛商店，更加注意自己给别人的印象。因此，他们不可能有足够的时间用于学习或工作。
112. No one can doubt the essential fact that the traffic problem over the last years has caused wide public concern all over the world. Experts in increasing numbers are beginning to believe that such situation would produce unfavorable effects on economic growth of local areas.
没有人能否认这一重要事实：最近几年交通问题在全世界受到了普遍关注。越来越多的专家开始相信这种状况将对当地的经济发展产生不利影响。
114. There are several reasons for this problem. One of the main reasons is that the number of vehicles is increasing much more rapidly than building of roads. Another primary reason is that there seem to be too many privatecars and not enough public buses.
关于这个问题，有很多原因。一个主要原因是车辆增加的数量远快于道路的建设。另一个主要原因是私家车过多而公交车不够。
115. Meanwhile, the numbers of people, who have access to their own cars, have risen sharply in the recent years.
同时，拥有私人轿车的人数这几年却在快速增加。
116. Moreover, many people, including drivers and cyclists, do not obey the traffic rules properly, especially at busy intersections. And this undoubtedly worsens the already grave situation.
而且，许多人，包括司机和骑自行车的人，不能很好地遵守交通规则，特别是在繁忙的十字路口，这无疑使本已严重的状况雪上加霜。
117. The number of private cars in urban areas should be limited while the number of public buses should be increased.
在城市私人轿车的数量应得到控制而公交车的数量应该增加。
118. When asked what kind of school they are willing to send their children to attend, many parents say they would choose a boarding school rather than day schools for their children.
当问到愿意将孩子送到哪种学校的时候，许多父母认为他们会选择寄宿学校而不是日制学校。
119. Many survey show that people in increasing numbers are beginning to recognize that boarding school provides better environment and facilities for children.
许多调查显示越来越多的人开始意识到寄宿学校能给他们的孩子提供较好的学习环境和设施。
120. At the same time, there are still many people who live under the traditional ideas that day schools play an extremely important role in children's study.
同时，仍有许多人持传统观点认为日制学校对孩子的学习发挥着极其重要的作用。
121. On the one hand, it is indisputable that boarding schools are exerting a growing important effect, especially in last few years.
一方面，寄宿学校正在发挥越来越重要的作用，尤其是最近几年，这是无可争辩的。
122. Students attend a boarding school would cultivate their independence as apart from their parents.
离开父母上寄宿学校的学生将会培养他们的独立性。
123. What's more, living in school can save them a great deal of time on the way between home and school everyday, so they would be able to concentratemore time and energy on their academic work.
而且，生活在学校里能节省大量每天往返于学校和家的路上的时间，这会使他们有更多的时间和精力放在学习上。
124. On the other hand, the contribution of day schools can't be ignored.
另一方面，日制学校的贡献是不能忽视的。
125. Due to high tuition fee, most of ordinary families cannot afford to send their children to boarding schools.
因为较高的学费，大部分普通家庭支付不起他们的孩子上寄宿学校的费用
126. Since it is unnecessary to consider student's routine life, day school can lay stress on teaching instead of other aspects, such as management of dormitory and cafeteria.
由于无需考虑学生的日常生活，日制学校可以将重点放在教学上而不是放在像宿舍和食堂管理这些方面。
127. Furthermore, students living in their own home would have access to a comfortable life and have more opportunities to communicate with their parents, which have beneficial impact on development of their personal character.
而且，学生生活在自己家中，有舒适的生活，并有更多机会和父母交流，这对他们个性的培养是有利的。
128. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that both of day schools and boarding schools are important to train young students for our society.
通过以上讨论，我们可以得出结论，寄宿学校和日制学校对我们社会培养年轻学生都是重要的。
129. There is much discussion over science and technology. One of the questions under debate is whether traditional technology and methods are bound to die out when a country begins to develop modern science and technology.
关于科学技术存在许多争论，其中一个问题是当国家发展现代科学技术时，传统的技术方法是否可能会消亡？
130. As for me, the declining of traditional technology and methods is not a bad thing; it is the natural result of progress of society.
我认为，传统技术方法的消亡不一定是坏事，这是社会进步的自然结果。
131. In the first place, some aspects of the traditionaltechnology and methods are harmful and hampering the development of modern technology science.
首先，传统技术方法有些部分是有害的，并且会阻碍现代科技的发展。
132. Although modern science and technology have proved that such methods are absurd, there are still millions of people use such methods in many remote places nowadays.
尽管现代科学技术已经证明了这些方法是愚昧的，然而在许多偏僻的地方，仍有成千上万的人们在使用这些方法。
133. In the second place, many values of traditional technology are out of date and should be replaced by modern science.
第二点，许多传统技术方法已经过时，应被现代科技所取代。
134. Although many people tend to live under the illusion that traditional technology and methods are still playing extremely important role in people's life, an increasing evidences show that it is less useful than many people think.
尽管许多人保持着传统观念，认为传统技术方法在人们生活中仍发挥着重要作用，但是越来越多的证据显示它并没有人们想象的有用。
135. From what has been discussed above, I firmly believe that time will prove that traditional technology and methods would die out with the development of modern science and technology. The maintenance of the traditional technology and methods is futile.
通过以上讨论，我坚定地相信时间会证明传统技术方法将会随着现代技术的发展而消亡，坚持传统技术方法是徒劳的。
136. At the time when technology means ever more harmful carbon in the air we breathe, we need these forests now more than ever.
当技术的发展意味着我们会吸入更多有害气体时，我们比任何时候更需要森林。
137. Nothing is more important than to receive education.
没有比接受教育更重要的事。
138. We cannot emphasizethe importance of protecting our eyes too much.
我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。
139. There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.
无可否认，我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。
140. It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us.
全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。
141. There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired.
毫无疑问，我们的教育制度令人不满意。
142. An advantage of using the solar energy is that it won't create any pollution.
使用太阳能的优点是它不会产生任何污染。
143. The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us.
我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。
144. So precious is time that we can't afford to waste it.
时间是如此珍贵，我们不能浪费它。
145. Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory.
虽然我们的国家很富有，但是我们的生活质量却令人很不满意。
146. The harder you work, the more progress you make.
你越努力，你越进步。
147. The more books we read, the more learned we become.
我们书读得越多，我们越有学问。
148. To average people, they often tend to live under the illusion that English often means a good opportunity for one's career, is this really the case?
对于一般人来说，他们常常以为掌握英语就意味着一份好的工作，然而这是真的吗？
149. By taking exercise, we can always stay healthy.
通过体育锻炼，我们能够始终保持健康。
150. Listening to music enables us to feel relaxed.
听音乐能使我们放松。
151. On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge.
我们绝对不能忽视知识的价值。
152. It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems.
该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。
153. Those who violate traffic regulations should be punished.
违反交通规则的人应该受到处罚。
154. There is no one but longs to go to college.
人们都希望上大学。
155. Since the examination is around the corner, I am compelled to give up doing sports.
既然考试迫在眉睫，我不得不放弃作运动。
156. It is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life.
可想而知，知识在我们的一生中扮演一个重要的角色。
157. Summer is sultry. That's the reason why I don't like it.
夏天很闷热，这就是我不喜欢它的原因。
158. The progress of the society is based on harmony.
社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。
159. We should bring home to people the value of working hard.
我们应该让人们知道努力的价值。
160. Taking exercise is closely related to health.
作运动与健康息息相关。
161. We should get into the habit of keeping good hours.
我们应该养成早睡早起的习惯。
162. The condition of our traffic leaves much to be desired.
我们的交通状况令人不满意。
163. Smoking has a great influenceon our health.
抽烟对我们的健康有很大的影响。
164. Reading does good to our mind.
读书对心灵有益。
165. Overwork does harm to health.
工作过度对健康有害。
166. Pollution poses a great threat to our existence.
污染对我们的生存造成巨大威胁。
167. We should do our best to achieve our goal in life.
我们应尽全力去达成我们的人生目标。
168. Weather a large family is a good thing or not is a very popular topic, which is often talked about not only by city residents but by farmers as well.
家庭人口多好还是家庭人口少好是一个非常通俗的主题，不仅是城里人，而且农民都经常讨论这个问题。
169. As is known to all, fake and inferior commodities harm the interests of consumers.
众所周知，假冒伪劣商品损害了消费者的利益。
170. Today an increasing number of people have realized that law education is of great importance. In order to keep law and order, every one of us is supposed to get a law education.
现在，愈来愈多的人认识到法制教育的重要性。为了维护社会治安 ，我们每人都应该接受法制教育。
171. From what I have mentioned above, we can see clearly that violence on TV has great influence on youngsters' behavior.
从上面我所提到的，我们可以清楚地看到，电视暴力对青少年的影响是极其深远的。
172. There are two reasons for the improvement in people's living conditions. In the first place, we have been carrying out the reform and opening-up policy. Secondly, there has been a rapid expansion of our national economy. Furthermore, the birth rate has been put under control.
人民生活状况的改善原因有两点。首先，我们一直在贯彻执行改革开放政策。其次，国民经济正在迅速发展，而且出生率已经得到控制。
173. My suggestions to deal with the problem are as follows. To begin with, it is urgent to create nature reserves. Secondly, certain rare wild animals that are going to be extinct should be collected, fed and reproduced artificially. Finally, those who hunter them must be punished severely.
我对解决这个问题的建议如下：首先，迫在眉睫的是建立自然保护区。其次，有些濒临灭绝的珍稀野生动物应该收捕、人工喂养并繁殖。最后，对于捕猎珍稀野生动物的人必须严惩。
174. People differ in their attitudes towards failure. Faced with it, some of them can stand up to it, draw useful lessons from it and try hard to fulfill what they are determined to do. Others, however, lose heart and give in.
人们对失败持有不同的态度。面对失败，有人能够经得起考验，从失败中汲取教训，并努力去完成他们下定决心要做的事情。然而，另一些人却丧失信心并退却了。
175. It is desirable to build more hospitals, shopping centers, recreation centers, cinemas and other public facilities to meet the growing needs of people.
人们希望建立更多的医院、购物中心、娱乐中心、电影院和其他公用设施来满足人们日益增长的需求。
176. As a popular saying goes, "everything has two sides." Now the public are benefiting more and more from scientific and technological inventions. On the other hand, the progress of science and technology is bringing us a lot of trouble. People in many countries are suffering from public hazards.
常言道：事情总是一分为二的。如今人们从科技发明中得到越来越多的好处。另一方面，科技进步也给我们带来了许多麻烦。现在许多国家的人民饱受公害之苦。
177. Let's take cars for example. They not only pollute the air in cities, but make them crowded. Furthermore, they are responsible for a lot of traffic accidents. The noise made by cars disturbs the residents living on both sides of streets all day and night.
就拿汽车为例。汽车不仅污染城市空气，而且使城市拥挤不堪。此外，汽车造成许多交通事故。汽车所产生的噪音使居住在街道两旁的居民日夜不得安宁。
178. It is generally believed that the chiefreason for the increase in population in developed countries is not so much the rise in birth rates as the decline in death rates as a result of the improvement in medical care.
普遍认为，在发达国家人口增长的主要原因与其说是出生率的上升，还不如说是由于医疗保健的改善使死亡率下降了。
179. There is no doubt that the increase in demand caused the rise in prices.
毫无疑问，需求的增长导致了价格的上涨。
180. Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements-themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.
由于人口的猛增或大量人口流动（现代交通工具使这种流动相对容易）引发的种种问题也会对社会造成新的压力。
181. With the opening and reform policy being carried out, thousands upon thousands of foreign visitors are crowding into our country. They are eager to see this old mysterious land with a splendid culture of more than 5,000years.
随着改革开放政策的贯彻执行，数以万计的外国游人涌入中国。他们渴望参观这个有着5000多年灿烂文化的神秘古国。
182. Tourism brings China a lot of benefits. First, it enables the Chinese people to know more about the outside world and promotes friendship and understanding. Second, it is financially beneficial to China, which needs more foreign currenciesfor its modernization program.
旅游业给中国带来许多好处。首先，它使中国人了解外界，并有助于促进友谊和理解。其次，在经济上也有利于我国，因为中国现代化建设需要大量的外汇。
183 Tourism, however, gives rise to a number of problems. For instance, it becomes a burden to inefficient transportation system.
旅游业也引起许多问题。例如，它增加了我国本来效率不高的运输系统的负担。
184. Besides, the living standard of the average Chinese is still not high enough to be able to afford the many different sorts of expensed during long distance travels.
此外，中国人民的生活水平还没有高到足以使普通中国人有钱支付长途旅行的各种开支。
185. As for me, with the development of our national economy, all these problems will certainly be solved step by step.
至于我，我相信，随着我国经济的发展，这些问题必将逐步解决。
186. A much better and brighter future awaits us.
我们期望有一个更加光明的未来。
187. When an opportunity comes, it brings a promise but never realizes it on its own.
每当机遇降临，伴之而来的是成功的希望，但是机遇不能自行实现成功。
188. If you want to achieve something or intend to fulfill one of your ambitions, you must work hard, make efforts and get prepared. Otherwise, you will take no advantage of opportunities when they come to visit you.
假如你要取得成就或要实现你的雄心壮志，你必须努力工作、艰苦奋斗、准备好条件。否则，机遇来临你却无法利用。
189. The difference between a man who succeeds and one who does not lies only in the way each treats opportunities. The successful person always makes adequate preparations to meet opportunities as they duly arrive. The unsuccessful person, on the other hand, works little and just waits to see pass by.
成功者与失败者的区别在于处理机遇的态度。成功者做好充分准备迎接机遇的适时来临。而失败者工作懒散，眼看机遇悄然而过。
190. In my opinion, there are plenty of opportunities for everyone in our society, but only those who are prepared adequatelyand qualified highly can make use of them to achieve purpose.
我的观点是：在我们的社会里，人人都有许多机遇，但是只有那些做好充分准备并且高度称职的人才能利用机遇达到目的。
191. Anthropologists have discovered that fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise are universally reflected in facial expressions.
人类学家已经发现，恐惧，快乐，悲伤和惊奇都会行之于色，这在全人类是共通的。
192. The greater the population there is in a locality, the greater the need there is for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse.
一个地方的人口越多，对其水。交通和垃圾处理的需求就会越大。
193. Long before children are able to speak or understand a language, they communicate through facial expressions and by making noises.
儿童在能说或能听懂语言之前，很久就会通过面部表情和K发出噪声来与人交流了。
194. Children with parents whose guidance is firm, consistent, and rational are inclined to possess high levels of self-confidence.
父母的教导如果坚定，理性，始终如一，孩子就有可能充满自信。
195. Television, the most pervasive and persuasive of modern technologies, marked by rapid change and growth, is moving into a new era, an era of extraordinary sophistication and versatility, which promises to reshape our lives and our world.
电视，这项从迅速变化和成长为标志的最普及和最有影响力的现代技术，正在步入一个新时代，一个极为成熟和多样化的时代，这将重塑我们的生活和世界。
196. Television is more than just an electronic appliance; it is a means of expression, as well as a vehicle for communication, and as such becomes a powerful tool for reaching other human beings.
电视不仅仅是一件电器；它是表达的手段和交流的载体，并因此成为联系他人的有力工具。
197. I am always amazed when I heard people saying that sport creates goodwill between the nations, and that if only the common peoples of the world could meet one another at football or cricket, they would have no inclination to meet on the battlefield.
每当我听说体育运动能够在国家间建立起友好感情，说世界各地的普通人只要能在足球场或板球场上相遇就会没有兴趣在战场上相遇的话，我都倍感诧异。
198. One of the great early writers wrote that: Work is the grand cure of all the maladies and miseries that ever beset mankind. If this is true, then the present situation should make us wonder whether the measure that the average worker is obliged to retire at the age of 50 is reasonable.
一位伟大的作家曾写到：工作是医治人间一切病痛和疾苦的万应良药。如果是这样的话，那么现在的状况应使我们想一想，强迫普通工人在50岁退休是否合理。
199. "The people who get on in this world are the people who get up and look for circumstances they want, and if they cannot find them, make them." Such is the remark made by Bernard Shaw, a great writer. This view has been shared now by more and more people.
著名作家萧伯纳曾说过：在这个世界上取得成功的人，都努力去寻求他们想要的机会，如果找不到时，他们就自己创造机会。这一观点现在正在被越来越多的人所接受。
200. Adler is correct in this assertionthat education does not end with graduation.
阿得勒这句话很正确，教育不能随着毕业而结束。
Space Research
Pros:
1. The oldest and purest of the arguments for space exploration is the advancement of science and technology.
2. We will go into space, not to bring back things which make us richer or more comfortable here on Earth. We will go there to live and make it our home.
3. The exploration to the universe is a high ideal –space truly is the final frontier .
4. The instinct to explore is fundamentally human; already some of our most amazing achievements have taken place in space.
5. No one can deny the sense of wonder.
6. The exploitation of space has directly changed our world. Satellites orbiting the Earth allow us to communicate instantaneously with people on different continents, and to broadcast to people all over the world.
7. Weather satellites save lives by giving advance warning of adverse conditions, and together with other scientific instruments in orbit they have helped us understand our own world better.
8. Space exploration is an investment in the future. Our world is rapidly running out of resources. Overpopulation could become a serious worldwide threat.
9. Space exploration open us new world and adds to our knowledge, enabling human being to know more about the universe as well as about the earth.
10. Space exploration helps to acquire new resources to mitigate the energy crisis (shortage). There may be some new kinds of natural resource in other planets.
11. Space exploration may find new living places for human being to solve the problem of overpopulation. There is possibility that one day mankind may emigrate to other planets.
12. Space exploration is necessary for future. If we want to progress in the world then we should continue space exploration.
Pros and Cons of Tourism
Pros:
1. It is regarded as a pillar of key local economic development.
2. The booming tourist industry has created more job openings. Many people have said good-bye to poverty through involvement in tourist businesses.
3. The tourist industry has played a positive role in meeting the cultural needs of the public, carrying forward national culture and achieving the sustainable development of resources.
4. Tourism helps to better introduce the country to foreigners and showcase the brilliant history and culture to the outside world.
5. Tourism helps to improve the investment environment so as to attract more foreign investors.
6. Tourists can take pleasure in the magnificent natural landscape, appreciate the superior workmanship of ancient artists and enjoy a variety of local delicacies (specialties). Many tourist attractions offer a wealth of historical relics, fascinating scenery and interesting local culture.
7. Tourism helps to promote the catering trade, transportation service and commerce .
8. Tourism is the world’s largest and faster growing industry. According to recent statistics, tourism provides 10 percent of the world’s income and employs almost one-tenth of world’s workforce. By the year 2010, these numbers will double. All considered, tourism’s actual and potential economic impact is astounding.
9. Tourism encourages the preservation of identify, pride and value in our living conditions and the cultural legacy of generations in danger of extinction.
10. Tourism contributes to the revival of customs and traditions.
11. Tourism brings new money into an area and generates jobs, income and tax revenues.
Cons:
1. Contact with and assimilation of other cultures will reduce the uniqueness of one’s own culture and make the world less colorful than before.
2. Undermine local traditions and ways of life.
3. Tourism may cause serious environmental pollution.
Museums and Galleries
Purposes:
1. Museum and related heritage institutions provide people with an enhanced awareness of our diverse heritage and our place in the world. They promote understanding and appreciation of our diverse cultures, landscapes, stories and experiences.
2. Museums contribute to the enrichment of the lives of people.
3. Guarantee the availability and use of the collections in research and teaching.
4. Collections and exhibitions reflect the cultural and social diversity.
5. Museums and galleries make an important contribution to education, scholarship, citizenship , social inclusion and tourism.
6. Generally promote the public’s enjoyment and understanding of painting and other fine art both by means of the collection and by such other means as they consider appropriate .
How to Support and Develop the Museum and Gallery:
1. The government sets up more state funded museums and art school.
2. Increase education personnel and facilities in museums and galleries, as well as support schools with the cost of visits.
3. We should actively seek to attract additional sources of funding in order to increase the total pool of money available.
4. Museums should be taken to raise standards of collection care or management.
5. The government should refund those museum and galleries which offer free admissions to the public.
6. Seek the financial support of corporations , non-profit foundations and individuals who share its goal of preserving the cultural legacy of the museums.
TV and Films
Positive Side:
1. Television is one of the most important forms of entertainment and communication.
2. Television has the power to educate and to entertain.
3. There is probably no greater influence on society than the television, which has saturated our lives.
4. Children watch TV to receive the daily news.
5. TV plays a big role in a child’s life. It teaches them new words and shows them things they have never seen before.
6. The TV was brought in to our world to give us a new sense of entertainment, world news and endless amounts of information.
7. Television can also promote pro-social behavior.
8. Television can exert its strongest pro-social influence in the area of learning and cognitive development.
Negative Side:
1. A child who often indulges in TV doesn’t know the difference between reality and fantasy .
2. Children have undeveloped minds, which can not conceive the information the same way that adults do.
3. Given our national television habit, it is no surprise that we are raising the most sedentary and most overweight generation of youngsters in history.
4. The health consequences of this overabundance of TV viewing include an increase in obesity among kids due to a sedentary lifestyle, and the flip side, an increase in dieting disorders due to the unrealistic expectations set up by thin actors on television shows and commercials.
Advertising
For:
1. Advertising promotes and popularizes new products and give people everywhere the maximum choice of products and choice.
2. Some advertisements are of high artistic value, original and well-designed with vivid pictures and witty language, artistic photography and witty slogan ; therefore they add to the beauty of our lives. They are a par indispensable to modern society.
3. Advertising brings convenience to people’s lives.
4. Advertising plays an important role in our economic life and is indispensable to the consumer society.
5. It is a kind of visual enjoyment to look at some witty works of advertising which add beauty to the cityscape .
Against:
1. Some leaflets and handouts are scattered here and there, polluting the environment. They are regarded as rubbish and a blemish on the landscape of the city. They disfigure our cities,
2. Advertisements are not always truthful, and a product is often misrepresented , false and deceptive . Many advertisements are fictitious , exaggerating, misleading and flying in the face of truth.
3. Advertisements are an insidious form of brainwashing. Some are mislead and tend to induce people to spend more and create demand for things we do not need.
4. It is very disturbing that TV programs are interrupted by advertisements, and mailboxes are stuffed with rubbish. Nuisance to TV viewers: constant interruption spoils the viewing. We can do nothing but accept it passively
Will Computers Replace Human Teachers?
1. Computers are cold impersonal devices and they relate to children as though they are machines—without love, care, or feeling.
2. Children who use computers will learn to communicate with machines instead of people. There is a risk we will create a generation of social illiterates. There is some truth to the stereotypical “computer nerd”.
3. Teacher-directed learning is underpinned by personal awareness and a focus on students. IT-directed focus is impersonal.
4. Within a class of 25 children, there may be 25 variables. These variables are understood by teachers but not by computer-generated and controlled programs.
5. Classroom teachers become aware of student learning difficulties and foibles .
6. Computers present programs that can not be accommodated. Personalized shifts do not happen.
7. Computer-generated learning places all students in the group onto the same program, at the same point, progressing them as a collective. Individual differences are not recognized.
8. Having a teacher in the classroom poses many opportunities for the students to learn life’s basics.
9. Having physical teachers in the classrooms is advantageous because they can teach personal interaction, reading, and teamwork. And computer cannot teach these things.
10. There can be confusion between reality and fantasy, between fact and myth
Problems Probably Confronting a freshman
Possible Problems:
1. Psychological problems such as loneliness , homesickness and inadaptability.
2. Language problems such as inability to understand the local dialect.
3. Local foods disagreeable to one’s taste.
4. Can not adapt to the climate very well.
Suggested Solutions:
1. A college orientation session should be held to familiarize the freshmen with the exciting school life.
2. Some special advisory and consultative committees should be established to meet the psychological needs of the new students.
3. Seniors students should be called on to offer help to their new younger schoolfellows.
4. Different kinds of foods and accommodation should be available to students from different places and backgrounds.
5. Some campus activities involving new and old students’ participation should be organized to familiarize the new with the campus life, such as a welcome party to be held by the school authorities.
6. Fresh should try to be independent and self-reliant.
7. Keep regular emotional contacts with one’s family members and former classmates.
8. Active participation in the campus life is essential to removing loneliness and disorientation.
Pocket Money
1. Help the children understand the value of money and how to use the money responsibly.
2. The money parents give help the children learn to manage money, and they can understand how budgeting, saving and interest work. In this way, they can develop wise spending habits.
3. It helps raise a money-savvy child.
4. Cultivate a spirit of independence and learning to make decision on one’s own.
5. Such goal-setting helps children learn to become responsible for themselves.
6. Children are willing learners, and you will find by giving pocket money, you can get them very interested in whole process of building a healthy saving for the future.
7. Young children especially enjoy watching the money build up in their piggy banks, and they love to take it out and count it. This is a great opportunity to teach your child the different denominations in our currency , and what each coin and bill is worth.
8. It is the beast way to introduce your child to the concept of saving.
9. Money management is seldom taught in schools; it is up to the parents to educate their children in this very important life skill.
10. It is a way to help educate children about personal finance and managing money.
11. Parents don’t have to worry about being constantly asked to buy things for the kids.
12. Children can learn how and why to save money.
To Play, or to Compete?
1. Organized sports activities bring damage rather than benefits to children both physically and psychologically .
2. Physically, as they are still at the stage of developing bodies, hard exercises and tough playing will be inappropriate for them.
3. Psychologically, winning and losing—the keynote of adult life --- may mean too heavy a burden for children who should have fun and enjoy the game at that age.
4. The primary goal of a professional athlete – winning – is not appropriate for children. Their goal should be having fun, learning, and being with friends.
5. Children will benefit more from those programs emphasizing fitness, self-esteem, cooperation, sportsmanship, and individual performance.
6. Besides physical hazards and anxieties, competitive sports pose psychological dangers for children.
Nature or Nurture
1. Learning is very important in determining who we are.
2. You can’t change your genes, but you can choose how to live your life.
3. If we take identical twins, and give one the best environment possible, and put the other one in closet for eighteen years, the differences will be profound , and caused totally by environmental differences between the two children,
4. Identical twins living in parallel universes do not necessarily lead identical lives.
5. Environment is more influential.
6. There is also substantial proof that an individual’s environment affects his mental aptitude .
7. It is often difficult to separate learning from our biology because we begin learning at the moment we are born.
8. Biology certainly determines part of what we are, but we start learning as soon as we are conceived.
9. We hardly separate biologically determined behavior from learned behavior.
10. Socialization is learning. Socialization refers to all learning regardless of setting or age of the individual.
11. A person’s entire environment seems to be more effectual in determining his mental ability than heredity is.
12. Experiments such as these ones prove that a person’s environment can have a crucial effect on him and on his manner of thinking.
13. A study done in Great Britain in the late 1980s shows that nutrition plays a very large role in a person’s development.
14. Starving people across the globe show why lack of nutrients in human bodies can stunt mental evolutions as well as physical growth.
15. Unique environmental factors (unique to children reared together) cause differences in behavior.
How to Manage Stress
The Present Situation and Its Effects:
1. Stress is your reaction to something you consider a challenge or a threat. Stress is a natural part of life. Modern people are stressed out or under too much stress.
2. Stress is a natural part of life.
3. Stress is hard to define because it means different things to different people; however, it is clear that most stress is a negative feeling rather than a positive feeling.
4. Despite the highly developed material life, modern people are leading an unprecedented stressful life.
5. Some stressors are so powerful that they would evoke significant emotional distress in most mentally healthy people, and trigger mental disorders.
Causes:
1. You may feel physical stress which is the result of too much to do, not enough sleep, a poor diet or the effects of an illness.
2. Nowadays the social competition is becoming fiercer and everyone wants to cope with adversity and to flourish in their education, vocation, and personal relationships.
Solutions:
1. If your stress is chronic , it may require more attention and lifestyle changes.
2. Exercise. Regular exercise is a popular way to relieve stress. Twenty to thirty minutes of physical activity benefits both the body and the mind.
3. Hobbies. Take a break from your worries by doing something you enjoy. Whether it is gardening or painting, schedule time to indulge your interest.
4. Healthy lifestyle. Good nutrition makes a difference. Limit intake of caffeine and alcohol, get adequate rest, exercise, and balance work and play.
5. Share your feelings. A conversation with a friend lets you know that you are not the only one having a bad day, caring for a sick child or working in a busy office. Stay in touch with friends and family. Let them provide love, support and guidance. Don’t try to cope alone.
6. Lower demands you put on yourself. Live for today. Don’t dwell in the past of worry about the future.
7. Develop other interests that will help you forget about your problems for a while. Sports work for some people, reading, exercising or socializing for others
Carnivorous Diet or Vegetarian Diet
Carnivorous Diet:
1. Human beings are a part of the food chain, and eating meat is natural. So then, how can eating meat be wrong?
2. Humans are type of animal and eating meat is normal and simply a part of life.
3. Animals provide essential protein for the human body. Protein is biologically essential, for every living creature needs a certain amount to survive.
4. Vegetarians do not get enough minerals and vitamins as a result of their limited diet.
5. It is hard enough for vegetarians to stay healthy in our technologically advanced society.
6. Eating plats is also causing pain or discomfort to the plants. You only have to check out laboratory experiments that plants feel pain.
Should Smoking Be Banned in All Public Places?
1. Second-hand tobacco smoke can be deadly as well.
2. Cigarette smoke contains about 4000 chemicals, about 50 of which are known cancer-causing agents .
3. Only one smoker makes a majority, as the smoker spreads and fills all space available.
4. Governments should pass law to protect people and place controls on actions that harm others.
5. Damaging one’s health is viewed as a personal liberty; damaging some one else’s health may not.
6. Smoking in public places constitutes a real hazard to non-smokers.
7. Smoking endangers people’s health. Smokers are more likely to suffer from bronchitis and lung cancer and have a higher risk of developing other kinds of cancer.
8. Smoking may pose a potential fire hazard for smokers are careless about the cigarette butts.
9. Smoking may cause diseases such as cancers and bronchitis.
10. For years cigarettes have been known to cause cancer, emphysema , and other horrible illnesses.
11. Smoking not only does harm to the health of smokers but also affects the health of non-smokers around them because non-smokers are forced to take in some poisonous substances which smokers blow into the air.
12. Families could save money by not purchasing cigarettes; and accidental fires costing millions of dollars caused by cigarettes would cease.
13. With every cigarette you smoke, you are causing damage to your health.
14. Every cigarette you smoke reduces your lifespan by 11 minutes.
Littering/ Rubbish Problem
Present Situation:
1. The roads scattered with all sorts of trash are a disgrace and the railway line are littered with decaying rubbish.
2. One third of all waste produced is made up of packaging materials.
3. Litter attracts vermin , causes a fire hazard, pollutes waterways and detracts from the amenity of public parks and gardens.
4. What we are doing now is wasteful of resources and unfriendly to the environment.
5. People show an appalling disregard for the environment. They have no respect for the environment.
6. We lack adequate facilities to dispose of rubbish of all kinds. For instance, not many dustbins are seen along streets.
7. The quickening tempo of modern lifestyle also contributes partly to the increasing rubbish problem, because many people prefer takeaway fast food and the use of disposable items for the convenience’s sake.
8. Disposable packaging and items become fashionable these days, from baby nappies to milk cartons to burger wrappers .
9. We are now living in a consumer-oriented society.
Solutions:
1. Public activities should be sponsored by government to promote the public awareness of environmental protection. Make sure that everyone is a conscious preserver.
2. Our government should take stronger and harsher measures to combat the littering behavior.
3. Use environmentally-friendly materials.
4. Minimally packaged goods should be encouraged.
5. The rubbish should be classified scientifically so that the procedure can achieve high efficiency.
6. People should learn to recycle. For instance, we should set up bins around town to collect glass, paper, and aluminum that can be converted back into raw materials, then made them into new products.
How to Solve the Traffic Problem
Present Situation and Cause:
1. Every day there are many traffic jams everywhere, causing great inconveniences to people’s daily lives.
2. Too many cars running on the streets lead to air pollution and noise pollution.
3. There are more vehicles than the streets can accommodate.
4. The construction of new roads is very slow.
5. Many drivers do not obey regulation. People lack adequate awareness of the seriousness of traffic problem.
Solutions:
1. More and Wider roads should be laid down to relieve the traffic congestion .
2. Build more underground railway and tunnels and underpass .
3. Issue stricter traffic laws and regulations, impose more severe and harsher penalty on the violator .
4. Raise the public awareness of the traffic regulations. Popularize the education of traffic regulations; improve the quality of the citizens.
5. Build up better public transportation systems, including buses, trains and subway, will encourage more people to use them rather than drive their own cars.
The Pros and Cons of Bikes
Benefits:
1. Fitness: Biking let you incorporate low stress aerobic exercise into your daily commute.
2. Parking: Forget about parking headache. Riding a bicycle lets you park much closer to your destination than a car.
3. The environment benefits include reduced pollution and reduced resource consumption (less material, fuel, and infrastructure ).
4. Bicycles increase mobility for those who don’t have access to motor transport (who don’t qualify to drive a car).
5. Reduce energy consumption.
6. One of the most positive impacts of bicycling is improved health.
7. Moderate exercise such as bicycling can offer major health benefits.
8. Beyond physical health, bicycling helps to relieve; to fight off depression and anxiety; and to enhance your sense of well-being.
9. It is also a lot more economical to ride a bike than to drive a car.
The Cloning Technology
1. Cloning is unnatural and not ethically correct.
2. Cloning creates serious issues of identify and individuality and forces humans to consider the definition of self.
3. It leads to the psychological harms on cloned human children. One of those harms is the loss of identify, or sense of uniqueness and individuality.
4. The strongest ethical argument against cloning is that it could lead to a new, unfamiliar type of family relationship.
5. Another argument against cloning is that it would be available only to the wealthy and therefore would increase social inequality
雅思考试学术类图表作文要求考生观察一幅图表并用自己的语言呈现出图表中的信息。而对图表的描述旨在考查考生组织、表达及比较分析图表中各种数据，描述过程中的步骤，阐明事物工作原理等的能力。但就 08 年以及历年的考试情况来看，通过柱、线、饼、表四种常规图表及其组合，考查得最多的还是考生的第一种能力。描述过程步骤的流程图，阐明事物工作原理的示意图等图画题一直也会有所涉及，但比例甚低。这一考查趋势和比例预计仍将在 2009 年延续下去。以下是 09 年学术类考生在备考图表作文时应注意的几个方面和几道例题，考生可在备考过程中操练使用。
• 线形图单独考查的比例依旧不会很大，也较可能出现在综合图表的考查中，且多会是多条曲线并存，因为它对趋势变化的表现形式相对单一和具体，比较好入手。但它也是唯一一种始终有时间变化（即纵比）的图形，所以对考生来说，线形图的操练是对纵比的趋势等描述的非常基础和重要的练习，词汇和相关表达都能从中得到很好的积累。如果能很好的掌握线形图中的纵比描写，那么在其他图表中出现纵比的情况下，写作起来也会显得游刃有余，且能较好的把握顺序性。
• 柱形图和表格的考查仍会占到相当份额，所以考生还是要多加关注。虽然柱形图相对直观，表格数据相对繁杂，但其实可以把它们都分成有纵比和无纵比的情况分别加以练习，考试时便能以不变应万变。在这里，各举一例。
e.g. The chart below shows the way female and male used INTERNET in Canada in 2000.
（ 08.12.13 ）没有时间变化的情况下，把握横比的量之间的比较关系，极值、倍数关系及“排序”的表达显得尤为重要，写作起来相对简单。
e.g. The table below shows the average number of people living in one household in 5 different countries in the year of 1985, 2000 and 2015.
（ 08.08.30 ）在有纵比的情况下，回归到趋势的描述，并且可以按类似或相反的趋势归类描写，同样可以体现很好的顺序性。只是在纵比的描述过程中千万不要忽略横向的比较要素，所以相对较复杂。
• 就饼图来讲，除了会出现在综合图表中，单个饼图的考查不大会出现，因为过于简单。单独考查的饼图一般来讲都会是两个到四个，也就是多个饼图。而这些饼图存在的关系除了并列（无纵比）和延续（有纵比）的关系以外，也可能存在从属的关系。在 08 年的考试中，从属关系的饼图并未出现（如下图 05.12.03 ），在 09 年的备考过程中，考生不妨也加以关注，做到有备无患。
e.g. The graphs below show information about the weekly work hours in Australia in 2001.
• 在充分地掌握以上几种常考图表的信息提取及描写方式外，另外需要关注的自然是图画题的部分。流程图和地理变迁图近几年一直是图画题中的重头戏，但考查的次数绝对是有限的，每年分别只有一到两次；其次是示意图等。在 09 年的考试中，这部分的考查比例也应该不会有大幅度上升的可能性，但还是应当予以重视。考生可将近几年以及剑桥系列书籍中的相关题目都找出来练笔，总结写作方法和注意的要点，尤其剑桥中的相关范文（如剑桥 6Test 3 的 Task 1 ），更是值得仔细分析和借鉴
从 2007 年和 2008 年的学术类议论文的考题来看， 2009 年的考题估计形式会更加多变， 所谓的“新题”的出现会更加频繁，而考题所涉及到的主要话题基本不会有太大的变化。
就出题形式而言，单边支持或者双边议论以及问题解决型的考题形式都是考生们比较熟悉的，而 07 年和 08 年各出现了一道很特殊的多选题，如 08 年 3 月 1 日 的考题就是从多门课程中选出几门讨论重要性。如此新式的考题很可能会造成考生心理上的不适应，导致考场发挥失常。但这是一个信号，标志着 2009 年很可能会有一些非常规的考题形式出现，要引起重视。
• 推荐练习真题 1： （ 07 年 9 月 22 日 真题）
Higher education can be funded in several ways including the following three:
1. All costs are paid by the government.
2. All costs are paid by the student.
3. All costs are paid by the student using loans from the government that must be repaid after graduation.
Discuss the benefits of each option. Which is the best one?
从考题的具体内容上看， 2008 年是考生们纷纷抱怨题目难度增大、不熟悉的话题层出不穷的一年。上半年出现了评价“明天是否更重要”、“健康对个人还是对社会有利”；下半年多次出现的法律等题目都是以前没有出现过的新题，而且比较抽象，观点不好表达，词汇也不是很熟悉。但是这也意味着雅思学术类的议论文出题的一个新变化：考生们烂熟于心的老话题现在可能以新的形式出现，或者变换一个角度出现。如下半年的法律话题，以前只是作为降低犯罪率、青少年犯罪或者政府解决一些社会问题的职能等话题的一个层面而有所涉及，现在完善立法和强化执法却是以全篇的主题出现。
• 推荐练习真题 2 ：（ 08 年 10 月 11 日 真题）
Society is based on rules and laws. It could not function if individuals were free to do whatever they want. To what extent do you agree or disagree ？
此外，紧扣时代也是一个特点，如下半年国内婴儿配方奶粉问题发生后曝光的是一系列的问题，如食品安全、只顾经济利益忽视商业伦理、执法不严、政府部门监督力度等，只要比较一下下半年的考题，不难看出其中很明显的倾向性。对于国内外发生的事情建议大家多看看英语传媒的报道，积累素材，写作是不至于脑子空空或者考场上现场想某个词汇或短语的中英文对照。
• 推荐练习真题 3 ：（ 08 年 10 月 25 日 真题）
Economic progress is one way to measure the success of a country. What other factors should be considered? Among these factors, do you think anyone is more important than the others?
估计 2009 年教育类依然是主打话题，但可能和去年一样，会联系到更细的方面，如具体的教学方法、就业或者个性发展等方面；此外法律或犯罪估计出题比例可能上升。鉴于当前全球性的萧条，经济发展和就业的可考性也比较大。其他如居住环境、旅游、传媒等估计不会有太大变化。
• 推荐练习真题 4 ：（ 08 年 7 月 5 日 真题）
Some people believe that theoretical subjects (e.g. Maths, Philosophy and Economics) should not be taught in universities because they should focus on practical subjects (e.g. Computer Technology, Accounting....) To what extent do you agree or disagree?
对于要上考场的考生们，建议除正常准备高频话题外，尽量把社会问题多联系在一起考虑。如真的遇到一个陌生考题，先要冷静，强迫自己的大脑搜索一遍以前准备的各个高频话题 , 寻找切入点。此外还要注意论证尽量落实到具体的方面，流于形式的总体论证除了词汇比较大不好写之外还会使论证空泛。所以平时要多看看 VOA 、 BBC 里的报道，举例时就可以信手拈来。其他的词汇和句式方面的基本功问题决定了文章是否上 6 分，需要平时的努力
如我在《雅思写作的几大误区》提过的， 雅思文章不在乎是否单词复杂，句型复杂，观点高深，而在乎通顺流畅，观点有说服力。再者，就是一定要找到合适的观点，扣紧题目。
最近雅思作文维持这一个显著的特点，意思难懂，争论的焦点难以把握。很多考生在考场上看了几个认识的单词，然后翻译成中文，加上自己的想象，就开始下笔。无论语言多好，也很难拿到及格的分数。把握一个题目争论之处，有的放矢，才能够保证文章切题，获得高分。笔者将分析最近的一些作文题目，然后用一些学生的观点做例子，以帮助广大考生以后更好更快地切题。
0417
Traffic and housing problems in major cities could be solved by moving large companies and factories and their employees to the countryside. Do you agree or disagree?
观点一： it might cost a lot when moving large companies and factories, since it will prove difficult to operate business in remote areas.
错误：是否容易做生意，带来经济效益并不能够解释是否应该将公司或者工厂移到市郊去。因为文章只在乎是否能够解决住房和交通问题，至于其中的经济得失不在文章讨论之列。
观点二：it is nearly impossible to move large companies and factories at once, for most of companies are large in size.
错误：能不能够将工厂和公司移到市郊也不在文章讨论范围。题目很明显已经作出一个假设，就是把公司和工厂搬到市郊是完全有可能的，目前所关注的是这个做法是否可以解决住房和交通问题。
观点三： sceneries are gorgeous at the countryside, and newcoming factories will injure the local environment.
是否影响当地环境造成污染并不重要。解决交通问题和解决污染问题没有任何关系，即便交通会产生污染问题！
Do you think old buildings should be broken down, and give place for modern buildings. How are the old buildings important in our society?
观点一： some old buildings attract multimillion tourists every year (such as the Great Wall), so to demolish it will mean a loss to the city where it is located.
本观点从旅游观光或者考古的角度说古老建筑并没有错，可是错在没有理解Building的含义，Building 不同于construction, 长城才算 construction。这道题和很多常见的雅思题不一样，就是考到了某种名词的确切意思，考生日后到了国外的大学会写很多essay, 而写一篇好的essay往往第一段就要解释或者界定文章题目的某个核心名词。我第一次看到上述的题目时，我的反应就是商业用楼，住宅用楼，工业用楼，而不是长城，金字塔，埃菲尔铁塔，因为Building的意思是a structure that has a roof and walls and stands more or less permanently in one place（摘自WORLD字典）;有的考生或许会觉得在考场上没有字典去翻查一个名词，是不是很不公平，因为一篇严谨的文章需要资料去论证。然而，大家忽视了Building是一个非常简单的单词，它的词义已经到了常识的地步，如果这样的单词不认识，而产生审题的偏差，考不到理想分数也是当然。
观点二：old buildings are valuable assets for those archeologists to study the human activities before the War, since some records had turned ruins .
本来古老建筑可以用于考古价值无可厚非，但是是否只适合分析战争之前的人类行为就值得商榷。这句话最大的问题就是把古老建筑看作是考古学家唯一可以利用的物体去分析战争之前的人类行为。改正的方法很简单，把before the War去掉
开头段的七宗罪
• 复述原题+表明自己的立场
• 复述原题+指出其复杂性+表明自己的立场
• 复述原题+指出其暗含假设+表明自己的立场
• 复述原题+适当让步+表明自己的立场
• 提问+作者的观点+表明自己的立场
• 表明自己的立场+原因
• 创意型开头
复述原题+表明自己的立场
“So long as no laws are broken, there is nothing unethical about doing whatever you need to do to promote existing products or to create new products.”
The speaker asserts that in creating and marketing products, companies act ethically merely by not violating any laws. Although the speaker’s position is not wholly insupportable, far more compelling arguments can be made for holding businesses to higher ethical standards than those required by the letter of the law.
复述原题+指出其复杂性+表明自己的立场
Most people would agree that buildings represent a valuable record of any society’s past, but controversy arises when old buildings stand on ground that modern planners feel could be better used for modern purposes.
The issue of whether to raze an old, historic building to make way for progress is a complex one, since it involves a conflict between our interest in preserving our culture, tradition, and history and a legitimate need to create practical facilities that serve current utilitarian purposes. In my view, the final judgment should depend on a case-by-case analysis of two key factors.
复述原题+指出其暗含假设+表明自己的立场
“Clearly, government has a responsibility to support the arts. However, if that support is going to produce anything of value, government must place no restrictions on the art that is produced.”
The speaker here argues that government must support the arts but at the same time impose no control over what art is produced. The implicit rationale for government intervention in the arts is that, without it, cultural decline and erosion of our social fabric will result. However, I find no empirical evidence to support this argument, which in any event is unconvincing in light of more persuasive arguments that government should play no part in either supporting or restricting the arts.
复述原题+适当让步+表明自己的立场
“Work greatly influences people’s personal lives—their special interests, their leisure activities, even their appearance way from the work place.”
The speaker claims that our jobs greatly influence our personal interests, recreational activities and even appearance. While I agree that the personal lives of some people are largely determined by their work, in my view it would be a mistake to draw this conclusion generally. In my observation, the extent to which occupation influences personal life depends on the nature of the work, and how central the work is to one’s sense of self.
“We shape our buildings and afterwards our buildings shape us.”
I believe this statement should be interpreted broadly—to mean that we are influenced by the exterior shape of buildings, as well as by the arrangement of multiple buildings and by a building’s various architectural and aesthetic elements. While I doubt that buildings determine our character or basic personality traits, I agree that they can greatly influence our attitudes, moods, and even life styles.
提问+作者的观点+表明自己的立场
“As technologies and the demand for certain services change, many workers will lose their jobs. The responsibility for those people to adjust to such change should belong to the individual worker, not to government or to business.”
As technology and changing social needs render more and more jobs obsolete, who is responsible for helping displaced workers adjust? While individuals have primary responsibility for learning new skills and finding work, both industry and government have some obligation to provide them the means of doing so.
表明自己的立场+原因
Businesses are as likely as are governments to establish large bureaucracies, but bureaucracy is far more damaging to a business than it is to a government.
Contrary to the statement’s premise, my view is that businesses are less likely than government to establish large bureaucracies, because businesses know that they are more vulnerable than government to damage resulting from bureaucratic inefficiencies. My position is well supported by common sense and by observation.
创意型开头
“As technologies and the demand for certain services change, many workers will lose their jobs. The responsibility for those people to adjust to such change should belong to the individual worker, not to government or to business.
As a saying goes, “God helps those help themselves”, which is true in most cases. But as far as the large numbers of laid-off workers caused by the technological and market changes are concerned, I believe the government and the business certainly have an unshakable responsibility to take.
1.经济原则
1）钱
女人就业：
Women find they must work to earn enough money to provide for their family.
Once they get married， the majority of women continue working since the financial pressures of setting up a house and establishing a reasonable standard of living often require two incomes.
Those professional childcare facilities come at a cost and often require two salaries coming into a family to be afforded.
Indeed it could be argued that by giving mothers the opportunity to work and earn extra money children can be better provided for than previously. There is more money for luxuries and holidays and a more secure family life is possible.
艺术：
The arts can be an important attraction for tourists， bringing considerable revenue into the country.
Government subsidy of the arts is unnecessary as if art is good enough， then people will pay for it. If art is not good enough to be popular， then government should not reward it for its failure.
Art is not a commodity.
死刑：
It is cheaper to kill them than to imprison for life.
Prisons in many countries are over-crowded and under-funded， and this problem is made worse by life sentences or delayed death sentences for murderers.
全球化：
Globalisation has increased world prosperity.
血腥运动（Blood sports）：
Many rural communities would be devastated by a ban on hunting.
英语国际语言：
If everyone spoke the same language it would be much easier for people to move and work in different countries or to conduct trade with each other.
穿校服：
Parents often find some uniform items， e.g. jackets， very expensive compared to the rest of their child's wardrobe， and complain they can never be worn outside the school environment.
控制人口：
They identify population control as a means to raising living standards.
If education does not succeed within a time scale， it may be necessary to consider other measures， such as tax incentives or child-benefit payments for small families only.
童工：
However， in many countries children work because their families need the additional income， no matter how small.
It is an unfortunate fact that many employers prefer to use the services of children simply to save money by paying them less than adults and it is this type of exploitation that should be discouraged.
教育还是治疗：
There is also an economic argument for doing so. Statistics demonstrate the cost-effectiveness of treating a condition in the early stages， rather than delaying until more expensive and prolonged treatment is necessary.
旅游：
Tourism is the largest industry in the world. It surpasses trade in oil， steel， and armaments in total dollar value and in employment created.
Often large sums of money are needed to attract tourists， so significant capital investment may be wasted.
太空：
Space exploration is a waste of resources.
Our dreams of exploring space are a luxury we cannot afford.
禁烟：
A further point is that governments throughout the world make huge profits from levying taxes on cigarettes. This provides funds which are used for building schools， hospitals and other public amenities.
A further issue is that smoking costs governments millions of pounds because of the large number of people who need treatment in hospitals for smoking related problems.
2）就业：
女人就业：
This also helps to create jobs in the childcare sector， generating employment for more people.
核能：
The nuclear industry is a major employer.
父母共同照顾孩子：
The economic and employment situation in many countries means that jobs are getting more， not less， stressful， requiring long hours and perhaps long journeys to work as well. Therefore it may remain for many a desirable ideal rather than an achievable reality.
旅游：
Tourism increases employment opportunities. Additional jobs， ranging from low-wage， entry level to high-paying professional positions in management and technical fields， generate income and raise standards of living. As tourism increases in importance， tourism-related employment needs will also increase.
Many hotels are part of large international chains， choosing to exploit local labour purely because it is cheap.
禁烟：
The tobacco industry also employs tens of thousands of people throughout the world.
3）时间：
电视：
Nowadays many people spend the biggest part of their free time watching television.
兼职工作：
After-school jobs are bad for teenagers because they take time away from studying.
运动：
Sport is a waste of school time and resources.
2.生理原则：
体育课：
Encouraging physical activity in the young through compulsory PE fights child obesity and contributes to forming lifelong habits of exercise.
体罚：
The actual physical damage inflicted via corporal punishment on children can be horrifying.
Some parents lose control and can injure children - even breaking bones or causing bruises.
禁烟：
There is little doubt that smoking tobacco is extremely harmful to the smoker's health.
配枪：
Routinely arming police officers allows them to defend themselves.
3.心理原则
电视：
Depression is a well-known psychological problem of modern society. The popularity of TV watching is among the reasons of this phenomenon. Violence， aggression， crimes and wars are broadcast through the daily news as well as in movies， showing dark pictures that encourage psychological tension， pessimism and negative emotions.
While TV and movies shouldn't be a way to hide from life， sometimes it can help us to cope.
压力：
Some students have mental breakdowns and， in extreme cases， attempt suicide because they cannot handle the pressure.
体罚：
They learn that force is an acceptable factor in human interaction； they feel humiliated and lose self-respect.
A physical punishment is likely to provoke resentment and further misbehavior.
课外活动：
Without the opportunity to do this， they could grow up immature and unformed.
Iit is also important to remember that children need to relax as well as work. If everything they do must have educational or academic relevance， then they will soon get tired of studying altogether， which is the last thing parents would want.
抽烟：
First， smoking undoubtedly helps many people to relax.
Indeed the more of a 'forbidden fruit' cigarettes become， the more attractive they will be to adolescents.（ 逆反心理）
媒体：
Excessive sex and violence in the media can lead to similar behaviour in viewers （studies in the USA have shown this）.
Psychologists claim that television does not have a simple， direct stimulus-response effect on its audiences. （模仿心理）
配枪：
Routinely arming the police is an effective deterrent to criminal behaviour.
People may feel safer when they see armed police， especially if they perceive them as a response to a heightened risk.
4.权利自由原则
动物：
It is a breach of their natural rights to take them by force into captivity for our own purposes.
Animals have the right to be treated as beings of value in themselves， not as the means to human ends.
死刑：
The right to life is inviolable and protected by law.
One human right is the right to life and taking a life away by execution is cruel， inhumane and degrading.
极限运动：
People should be free to participate in activities with others as long as it does not affect the safety of non-participants.
摄像机：
They feel that being watched constantly is like being in a jail， and that ordinary people are losing their freedom because of these devices.
强迫老年人退休：
Compulsorily retiring old employees can affect the older individual's freedom - and right - to work and can deprive society of valuable experience and insights.
禁酒：
Banning alcohol infringes people's civil liberties to an unacceptable degree.
禁烟：
While a government has a responsibility to protect its population， it also has a responsibility to defend their freedom of choice.
新闻审查：
Banning advertisements is a severe restriction upon freedom of speech.
We have accepted that freedom of expression should have limits.
The risks of stifling free expression far outweigh the potential for unacceptable material.
An individual's rights end when they impinge on the safety and rights of others.
媒体报道名人：
Famous people deserve privacy and respect.
Although， generally speaking， the media should not interfere in people's private lives， there are times when it is correct to do so.
母亲在家带孩子：
Mothers should have as much freedom as anyone else in society to decide what is best for them and their children.
家庭教育：
If they feel that the child would be best educated at home， by them or by another， that is their right.
控制人口：
They feel that this is one area of life where they have the right to make decisions for themselves.
分开教育：
Among these opponents are “equal education” advocates， who argue that every student has the same right to enjoying high quality education regardless of gender， race， wealth， and most importantly， regardless of their minor differences in intellectual abilities.
资助艺术：
So-called “elite culture” should be available for all to enjoy， and not just confined to the rich.
5.文化原则
1）文化重要性
捕鲸：
Whale hunting is an important aspect of some people's cultural heritage.
建筑：
Architecture is part of a country's cultural heritage.
语言：
Language is a type of cultural heritage.
Language is often seen as a badge of identity and more conflict may be created if the global community is seen to prefer one language to another.
电视：
Television is mostly directed to films and shows that have commercial purposes but little cultural value.
旅游：
It is not purely ecosystems which are damaged by the pressure of consumption （e.g. by sewage output or pressure on water resources）， but also ancient monuments or heritage sites.
2）文化多元性
电视：
It changes our society for the worse， making us all conform to a bland， “Hollywood” model of entertainment in which regional traditions and diversity are lost.
语言：
The diversity of languages is endlessly fascinating.
政府资助艺术：
Subsidised companies can afford to take more risks and to experiment， enabling new styles and forms of art to emerge and to become popular.
旅游：
Tourism demands that an area conform to a certain stereotyped image， requiring the local inhabitants to make a caricature of their own culture.
寄宿学校：（多样性）
Spending all your time in school restricts the circle of people you come into contact with.
Interaction with other pupils is a crucial element of a child's development
体育：
PE is an aspect of school being about more than just book learning – it is about educating the whole person， a holistic education that betters us in an all-round sense， rather than a merely academic experience.
雅思作文找观点的主要原则（六）
6.道义原则：
捕鲸：
Killing whales for human use is morally wrong.
Modern whaling is humane， especially compared to the factory farming of animals like chickens， cow and pigs， （themselves a relatively intelligent and social species）.
捕猎：
Traditional hunting methods are often particularly cruel.
Overall， however， the essential point is that it is morally wrong to kill animals for pleasure and no amount of economic benefits can make that right.
动物试验：
We need to make sure that the millions of animals who are used for testing new products are treated with the minimum of suffering. Although some animal testing may be unavoidable at present， treating our fellow creatures as mercifully as possible will demonstrate our humanity.
7.教育原则：
电视：
Many scientific and cultural programs are shown on television， which give new educational opportunities for our society.
动物园：
Zoos nowadays are not marketed as places of entertainment - they are places of education.
博物馆免费：
Free and cheap access to the arts is crucial for education.
死刑：
By executing criminals you are ruling out the possibility of rehabilitation.
Some criminals are beyond rehabilitation；
如何控制人口：
This could be done by a process of education that points out the way a small family can mean an improved quality of life for the family members， as well as less strain on the country's， perhaps very limited， resources.
童工：
If learning responsibilities and work experience are considered to be important， then children can acquire these by having light， part-time jobs or even doing tasks such as helping their parents around the family home， which are unpaid， but undoubtedly of value in children's development.
课外活动：
If they cannot play make-believe games， how can they develop their imagination？ How can they learn physical co-ordination or learn important social lessons about winning and losing if they do not practice any sports？
Those against the use of animal testing claim that it is inhumane to use animals in experiments. I disagree completely. It would be much more inhumane to test new drugs on children or adults.
治疗还是教育：
Obviously， there is a strong human argument for catching any medical condition as early as possible.
第一，使用不同的词汇
a.使用同义词，比如以下的一些写作高频词汇的同义词，你一定要掌握，出现得尤为频繁。
important→essential, crucial, vital, significant,
think→claim, believe, consider, deem, figure out, feel
nowadays→currently, at present, now, recently, in recent years, these days
b.改变词性，这是一种稍微难一些的方法，要求你的语法基础非常好，你才能灵活自如的运用。
Eg：When we look at a comparison between A and B…
When we compareA and B… Adj. → n. There are a variety of solutions to the problem.
There are various solutions to the problem.
c. 使用不同的承接词。承接词在文章当中的使用相当频繁，不仅是段落和段落的连接，还包括句子和句子的连接。背住一些常用的承接词比你的改写将会有极大的作用。
because of → due to, owing to, because, as, since, for but → however, nevertheless, nonetheless, whereas
d.形容词的逆向表达。在某些形容词上进行修改，会达到非比寻常的效果。
Eg: not as easy as…→ more difficult than… Not uncommon→ common
The cheapest → the least expensive
第二，使用不同的句型 a. 改变词序。这是非常简单的一种方法，完全不用动脑筋就可以进行改写。常常将句子中的状语(包括状语从句)换位置。
Eg: For many years, people have believed ….
→People believed … for many years.
b. 主动语态和被动语态的互相替换
Eg: Trained scientists performedthis research.
→This research was performed by trained scientists.
c. 使用“there be” 句型，可以将一个简单句，马上变成一个加入定语从句或者分词的复杂句。
Eg: Several computer programs can be used to solve this problem. →There are several computer programs that can be used to solve this problem. 或 There are several computer programs used to solve this problem.
d. 定语从句，分词和插入语的互相替换
Eg: Study…, conducted by sociologistsin 2004, shows that…
→Study…, which was conducted by sociologists in 2004, shows that… Eg: This…, which is one of the most powerful … in the world, has…
→This…, one of the most powerful… in the world, has…
接下来，Cite，即引用。综合写作乃客观写作，只是一个旁观者的角度对这两篇文章的内容进行描述，因此，某观点是出自哪篇文章一定要说清楚。所以，下面的这些句型在综合写作中必不可缺。
a. According to+noun.
Eg: According to the passage/lecture/author/professor,…
b. Subject+verbs of reporting +that clause
Eg: The author tells/reports/suggests/explains/says/argues/states/indicates/claims/points out/thinks/believes that ...
或 The speaker agrees/disagrees/rejects/disputes/challenges/takes a different view ...
c. As is indicated/displayed/illustrated in the passage/lecture,...
最后，Synthesize，也就是连接。具体来讲，就是承接词的使用是相当重要的，将文章当中的重要信息连接起来，体现作者对于两篇文章的理解正确，说明作者的思路清楚。由于综合写作是对两篇文章的比较，所以下面表对比和递进的承接词使用的最频繁。
a.Transitional words showing contrast: however, on the other hand, in contrast, on the contrary
b.Transitional words showing addition: moreover, furthermore, in addition, besides, as well.
雅思考试作文部分一定要高分开头
In our profit-centered society, unemployment has attracted wide attention even from the education field.（背景）Should we only offer elementary education to those kids or shall we continue to educate them till they graduate from secondary school? What will happen if we deprive them of the rights to continue to be educated when they are still in elementary school?（提问）In this essay, I will analyze why those kids should carry on with secondary education.（间接法）
In a recent flight by an A350 from London to the manufacturing base of this type of plane, the four engines just consumed 40 gallons of fuel, which is less than the amount of fuel used by four cars traveling the same distance .（举例）The example well illustrates the efficiency of air plane engines over common car engines.（过渡）To be based on hard evidences and sound argument, the essay will discuss why traveling via air planes should not be discouraged.（间接法）
Many environmentalists are against the over use of planes for non-essential international traveling; on the other hand, rational realists are arguing that cars are using more fuel and producing more pollution compared with the iron birds.（双方观点，双方要使用具体的人或者学者）Which way of transportation should be discouraged?（提问）The writer will analyze…and prove that….（间接法）
In most parents’ eyes, pc games are regarded as the way to get oneself spoiled .（背景）Do pc games have positive or negative effects on children? Should the children be kept away from this “evil ”?（两个问题）This article is used to analyze whether this new way of entertainment should be prohibited or not in order to help the children to get the most out of their life with the appearance of computers. （间接法）
Upon the preference to some courses on campus, it seems there is an obvious controversy between job consultants and college teachers.（背景，大小要合适）For the sake of getting a job, job advisors might suggest job hunters to be practically “equipped” with courses like computer and business administration. However, taking into consideration of many other factors, teachers have different point of view.（双方观点）In this article, the writer is going to analyze why both courses are necessary for a job hunter or college graduate. （简洁法）
If you were a graduate with history as your major, would you blame that you did not choose practical courses to cover on campus when you were rebuffed by job offers? This is not a brand new problem baffling college graduates with traditional subjects as their academic focus . In my eyes, both traditional courses like history and geography and those in majors are necessary for college graduates for the following reasons.
How would you like bananas or pineapples that ripen more slowly, or potatoes that absorb less oil and therefore make lower calorie French fries?（提问）Those are just a few of the genetically engineered food products expected to hit American stores in the next few years.（过渡）While many experts are hailing the rapid development of genetic engineering in food as the way to feed a fast growing global population, others say the changes are planting the seeds for a host of future problems.（直接法）
Events such as "the Protest of theCentury" which took place inSeattle,USAin December 1999 have focused the world’s attention on global ‘free’ trade. The protest was against the World Trade Organization (WTO), in particular its role in promoting world-wide free trade.（举例）In this essay, I would like to take a critical look at the concept of free trade.（间接法）Is it a natural phenomenon? Are free market economies common in world history? Or is this a relatively recent concept created by powerful nations and companies and imposed on the less powerful?（提问提出中间段落）
Polarization between the rural areas and urban communities is not a new topic at all to social workers or psychologists.（下定义提出背景）When things come to the case inChina, they are more complicated and intricate owing to multilevel reasons and causes. Therefore, to narrow the discrepancy between these two parts of the world seems even more challenging both to the government and to the public.（直接法）
________. ________.（背景和过渡省略）As far as I am concerned, the government, for the sake of its own image, the safety of the public, and the future of our next generation, is bound to be held responsible for the limitation and supervision of the violence in TV programs and movie products.（直接法提出Thesis Statement）
_______. _________.（背景和过渡省略）Genetic engineering can, on the one hand improve the crop production, on the other, plant the seeds of future problems. (直接法提出TS)
Stage One: In this stage, you should find the sentence patterns you can imitate. As for argumentation, especially argumentation for examinations, the introduction and the conclusion parts are always considered as something can be formulated or duplicated. The following may be such sentence patterns most frequently worked upon.
The introduction:
In the part of introduction, you should, at least, put forward the topic and your thesis statement, yet you can, at best, give the background knowledge of the topic, quote different ideas about the topic and, if possible, an essay map to give the readers how you will develop your thesis statement.
Eg. Recent changes in federal government priorities have seen a reduction in financial support for parents who use childcare. This is occurring at a time when there is increasing social and financial pressure on parents, particularly mothers, to work. The issue of childcare and working mothers has been the subject of dispute for some time. Many argue that the best place for children is always in their won homes with their own parents. However, it is my contention that there are many advantages to be had from using childcare and the government should provide more financial assistance to parents who do so.
1. To quote different ideas
SP1. When asked about---, the vast /overwhelming majority of (most/ many/ quite a few ) people say (think/believe/ answer) that ---. But other people regard/ view/see/ think of--- as --- (I think/ view quite/a bit differently.)
Eg 1. When asked about the biggest problem today, many people say that it is the serious energy crisis. They are afraid that the world will soon run out of oil and run short of food. But other people hold optimistic views: they regard it as a natural result of the economic development and believe it will be only solved with further advances in economy and technology.
SP2. There is a public (general/ much) debate (discussion/controversy) today (nowadays) on (about/ over/ as to) the problem (issue) of ---. Those who criticize (oppose/ object to)--- contend (argue) that---. But people who advocate (favor)---, on the other hand, maintain (assert) that---Eg2. There is much discussion today about whether fast economic growth is desirable. Those who criticize economic growth
argue that we must slow down. They believe that society is approaching certain limits on growth. These include the fixed supply of natural resources, and the possible negative effects of industry on the natural environment. People who want more economic growth, on the other hand, argue that even at the present growth rate, there are still many poor people, They maintain that only continued growth can create the capital needed to improve the quality of life and provide the financial resources required to protect our natural surroundings from industrialization.
SP3. Now, it is commonly (generally/ widely) believed (thought/ held/ accepted/ felt/ recognized) that ---. They claim (believe/ argue) that ---. But I wonder (doubt) whether---
Eg3. It is commonly believed that the rise in teenage smoking is the inevitable result of economic development. They argue that if there are no cigarette advertisement on TV, no cigarettes available everywhere, and no adequate pocket money, teenagers are unlikely to take up the habit of smoking. But I doubt that it is a satisfactory explanation. While conceding the effect of advertising and other commercial factors, I think that the primary cause is social and individual rather than economic.
SP4. Now, a lot of (the majority of/ many/ most) people believe (think/ feel) that ---. But although (admittedly,) --- there is no/ little evidence that (it is questioned/doubted)---
Eg4. There is some feeling nowadays that reading is not as necessary as it once was. Radio and especially television have taken over many of the functions once served by print. Admittedly, television serves some of these functions extremely well; the visual communication of news events, for example, has enormous impact. The ability of radio to give us information while we are engaged in doing other things ------ for instance, driving a car ------ is remarkable, and a great saving of time. But it may be seriously questioned whether the advent of modern communications media has much enhanced our intellectual skills.
SP5. These days we often hear about (that)---. They claim (argue/say) that ---. But has (is) it? Close examination (analysis/ scrutiny) does not bear out the claim (argument).
Eg5. These days we often hear about "the classless society". They say that all men are equal, and they can enjoy the same educational and job opportunities, and the distinction between rich and poor has lost. But has it? Close examination doesn't bear out the claim
1. To describe a phenomenon
SP1. One of the biggest issues (hottest topics/ most popular things/most serious problems) many people talk (complain) about now is---Eg1. One of the most popular topics many city residents talk about now is the tide of the rural poor flooding the cities. They complain that the migrants have brought crime and prostitution, that they are putting pressure on population control and social order; that they are threatening to take already scarce city jobs and exacerbating housing shortages; and that they have
worsened traffic and sanitation problems. True, these are the problems posed by the migration, but what about the contribution the rural worker have made to the city's development and prosperity?
SP2. Recently the rise in (phenomenon of/ problem of / question of) --- has drawn/ aroused public/popular/grave/world wide attention (caused/aroused wide/general/considerable/international concern/ arisen/ loomed up/ cropped up as controversial/ as noteworthy/ more distinctly for settlement)
Eg2. Recently, the alarm about the problem of the use of genetic technologies on human beings have caused wide public concern, and understandably so. With nuclear energy threatening global catastrophe and with so many other technological advances visibly damaging the quality of life, who would wish to have scientists tampering with man's inner nature? Indeed, fear of such manipulation may amuse even more anxiety than fear of death.
SP3. One of the searching (burning/ pressing/ interesting) questions (problems) facing (confronting) our nation(society/ world) today is---
Eg3. One of the basic questions facing our society today is: What promise or threat does new technology hold for our global future? Since the decisions our society makes about technological development will undoubtedly have tremendous consequences in the years to come, it is urgently necessary to explore this question, especially by examining science and technology in their relationship to the development of humanity.
SP4. With the amazing/ marked development/improvement/expansion of --- (with the general\ growing\ common recognition\realization\acknowledgement of / commitment\devotion\dedication to/ interest in \ concern over\enthusiasm for) (with --- playing an increasingly big role in / attaching much importance to)---, more and more ---
With the prospect of coal and petroleum supplies being depleted and with air pollution becoming an increasing concern, more and more countries are now seeking alternative sources of energy. Among them is nuclear power whose environmental advantages over coal and oil is increasingly recognized.
SP5. Nowadays (currently/recently) there is a growing/ unhealthy tendency to/in/that(general/deep-seated belief in/that) (general/uneasy feeling of/against/that) (growing/nationwide recognition of/that) (growing/general awareness of/that) (deep/keen interest in) (growing/great demand for) (growing/great enthusiasm for/among sb) ---
Eg5. Now there is a growing concern over the heavy burden, both academic and psychological, our children have to bear. After a day's study in school, they bring a lot of assignments back home and work them until midnight. They play few games and go to few movies. They have been so obsessed with grades and marks that they have hardly had time to savor the life and grow as well-rounded people.Eg6. In the past decades there has been a persistent demand in many countries for a conceited attack to deal with worldwide pollution. In many places, under pressure from private citizens and leaders in science and technology environmental organizations have sprung up to voice their opinions and to try and face the problem. It is increasingly recognized that
pollution doesn't only pose a pervasive threat to the human environment, but also challenge the survival of man himself.
SP6. In recent few years/the past few decades, there is/has been a harp/marked/sudden/drastic increase/growth/rise/decline in(astonishing/increasing/sizable number/percentage/proportion/population of)---. According to a recent/new study/survey, ---
Eg7. In recent years, there is an increasing number of people, especially young people, who show little interest in correcting social inequalities and injustices. According to a national poll last year, eighteen to twenty-nine-year-olds agreed by large percentages that young people today are "less idealistic" and "more selfish", and that they are less concerned with the problems of society than with their own personal future.
Eg8. In the past 5 years there has been a marked decline in the number of young married couples who want to have children, coupled with a growing trend toward delayed childbearing. According to official statistics, in 1993, about 28 percent of married couples with wives under 35 gave to birth to children, compared with the 1983 level of 8 percent.
1. To quote remarks
SP1. One of the great early men/writers/philosophers/scientists said/wrote/remarked that---. If this is true/the case, then the present/current view/value/attitude/situation should make us wonder whether---/ponder over---
Eg9. One of the great early socialists said that the status of women in a society is a pretty reliable index of the degree of civilization of that society. If it is true, then the present low status of women in management should make us ponder about whether our management is civilized at all.
SP2. “---.” Such is the opinion of/remark made by---. This view/remark has been shared/confirmed now/ time and again by more and more people/many historical events.
Eg10. "Great minds must be ready not only to take the opportunity, but to make them." Colton, a great writer once remarked. But it still has a profound significance now. To a person, in whose lifetime opportunities are not many, to make opportunities is more essential to his success.
SP3. “---” That is how one college student/official/housewife/father described/commented/complained/criticized---. He/she is hardly alone in the experience/many people have shared the experience like this.
Eg11. "All I have learnt in college is junk. " That's how one college graduate described his frustration in looking for a job. He is hardly alone in the experience. Actually there are thousands of college graduates who complain that the degree they took away can't help them to secure a rewarding job, and the knowledge they acquired in class can't be transformed into useful job skills.
SP4. “---” How often we hear/we are used to hearing/many people have heard statement/words/complaint like/as those.Eg12."Social attitude toward women has changed a lot." How often these days we hear the statement like this. Twenty or
thirty years ago it was believed that a women must either many young or risk becoming a spinster. And a woman who did not marry was thought to be inferior and abnormal. However, today's woman has numerous options open to her besides early marriage. Most important, a single woman is no longer looked down upon by society.
1. To make a comparison
SP1. For years/until recently---had been/ was seen/viewed/regarded as---. But that is changing now/ people are taking a fresh look at it. With the growing/mounting demand for/ interest in/ concern over---, people---
Eg13. For years, offsprings, especially sons had been expected to remain at home permanently, bringing their spouses home to the big, extended family when they got married. But that's changing now. With growing demand for independence and the improved living standard, more and more young people seek to leave the parental family to establish their own households.
Eg14. Until recently the general attitude toward daydreaming remained hostile. Daydreaming was viewed as a waste of time. Or it was considered an unhealthy escape from real life and its duties. But now sane people are taking a fresh look at daydreaming. They think it may contribute to intellectual growth and lead to the attainment of actual goals.
SP2. It is a traditional way/custom/practice to ---. But now the pendulum has swung to another direction/in the opposite direction/ the other way.
Eg15. It is a traditional custom for Chinese old people to live with their children and their grandchildren. In this way the young people can express their gratefulness and show respect for the elderly. But in the recent decades, the pendulum has swung in the opposite direction. According to a study in 1994, 52 percent of Chinese elderly were living alone in their own houses or in nursing homes in big cities, as against nearly zero in 1954. Why are increasing numbers of the old people living apart from their children?
SP3. In recent years, there is a steady/subtle/significant shift of (general/growing/healthy tendency to)(upward/welcome/undesirable trend toward---. According to poll/study/survey, there is x percent of---, compared with y percent last year. Why?
Eg16. In recent years there is a steady shift of scientists from the pure to applied field. According to a study, in Beijing alone 72 percent of scientists and researchers have switched to industries where there are more jobs available and frequently more highly-paid than jobs connected with pure research. Does the trend have something to do with nationwide concentration on immediate results of economy and little interest in long-range studies?
2. To advocate a question
SP1. Should/what---? Opinions of ---/attitudes towards--- vary widely/from person to person. Some think of/regard/view---as---. Others argue/believe/claim---Eg17. Should a scientist be responsible for his discoveries? Opinions vary widely. To some people, the answer is negative. They think that the function of the scientist in society is to supply knowledge and that he needn't concern himself with the
uses to which his knowledge or, discoveries may be put. But other people argue that a scientist has a duty to make sure that his discovery is used for, not against, society.
Eg18. What does it take to succeed in one's studies or career? Opinions vary widely. Given approximately equal circumstances, some claim the success factor is largely a matter of luck ------ being in the right place and the right time. Others speak of utter devotion to work, combined with a degree of ruthlessness. Still others maintain that it is undoubtedly a matter of how much intelligence you have or simply how much education your mother had.
The conclusion
1. To draw a conclusion
Sp1. From what has been discussed above (Taking into account all these factors / Judging from all evidence offered), we may safely draw (reach / come to / arrive at) the conclusion that…
Eg1. Taking into account all the relevant factors which affect and contribute to the attitude, we may safely conclude that we will not make a dent in the attainment of women’s social status and their equal opportunities in every field if men’s attitude remains unchallenged.
SP2. In conclusion/summary, I would like to say(it is obvious) that---is a question (issue/problem) that deserves (worthy of ) special attention from the public(serious consideration/immediate notice.)
Eg2. In conclusion I would like to say that change is a problem confronting most of us today. The changes which have already taken place in every field of our life are irreversible. Continuation of the growth which has already begun is inevitable. During this evolution there are great rewards to be won- by those who are willing to take the opportunities being offered.
SP3. All the evidence (analysis) supports (justifies / confirms / warrants / points to) a(n) unshakable (unmistakable / sound / just) conclusion that …
2. To show consequences
SP1. We must look (search / all / cry) for an immediate action (method / measure), because the present (current) situation (phenomenon / tendency / state / attitude) of …, if permitted (allowed) to continue (proceed), will surely (certainly) lead to (result in) the end (destruction / heavy cost) of…
Eg1. We must call for an immediate action, because the current tendency, if permitted to continue, will surely lead to the public cynicism and distrust of our newly-made effort.
SP2. Any person (nation/society) who (which) ignores (is blind to / fails to learn) the lesson (warning) would pay a heavy price (come to no good end/ end in failure/disaster/nothing)
Eg2. Individually, nationally and, today internationally, the misreading of the phrase “all men are created equal” exacts a heavy price. The attitudes that follow from our misconceptions may be compatible with life in a country where resources and chances are limited and the roads to success are few. But they are inappropriate in a land as rich, as open, as filled with opportunities as I our China now. Anyone who fails to recognize this point will pay a heavy price for these attitudes.
SP3. Obviously(clearly/no doubt), if we can not change/control/improve the situation (if we ignore/are blind to/fail in the problem; unless there is an immediate action/common realization of/general commitment to/ radical change in)--- there is every chance (the chances are good; it is very likely) that---will be put in danger.
SP4. Obviously (Clearly / No doubt), if we ignore (are blind to) the problem, there is every chance that…
SP5. Unless there is a common realization of (general commitment to)…, it is very likely (the chances are good) that…
1. To call for action
SP1. It is high time that we put an end to the deep-seated (unhealthy / undesirable / deplorable) situation (tendency / phenomenon) of…
Eg1. College curricula should be geared to the needs of the economic growth. It is time that the government and universities attached much importance to the modification of the system of our higher education and put an end to the current waste of college talent on degrees and certificates.
SP2. It is high time that we place (lay / put) great ( special / considerable) emphasis on the improvement (development / increase / promotion) of
SP3. There is little doubt (no denying) that serous (special / adequate / immediate /further) attention must be called (paid / devoted) to the problem of …
SP4. It is necessary (essential / fundamental) that effective (quick / proper) action (steps /measures / remedies) should be taken to prevent (correct / check / end / fight) the situation (tendency / phenomenon).
SP5. Anyhow, wider (more) education (publicity) should be given to the possible (potential / grave / serious / pernicious) consequences (effects) of…
SP6. It is hoped (suggested / recommended) that great (continuous / persistent / sustained / corporate) efforts should be make to control (check / halt / promote) the growth (increase / rise) of …
2. To show direction
SP1. There is no easy (immediate / effective) solution ( approach / answer / remedy) to the problem of …, but … might be useful (helpful / beneficial)
Eg1. There are no panaceas for all the ills which have begun to beset our society, and there is nothing we can do overnight, I a week or a month since the poison-bride, corruption crime, inflation have seeped through our system. But getting down to work immediately and making a correct diagnosis might be beneficial.
SP2. No easy method (solution / recipe / remedy) can be at hand (found / guaranteed) to solve (resolve / tackle) the problem of …, but the common (general / public) recognition of (realization of / awareness of / commitment to) the necessity (importance / significance) of … might be the first step towards change (on the right way / in the right direction).
SP3. To reverse (check / control) the trend (tendency) is not a light task (an easy job), and it requires (demands / involves /
entails) a different state of main towards (attitude towards / outlook on)
Stage Two: In this stage, you should work out your own model upon the sentence patterns given above.
Examples
I. Introduction
1. Now, it is commonly (traditionally) believed that college students should not get married because it is a right guaranteed by law. On the surface, it may seem a sound idea, but careful weighing on the mind, we will find it does not bear close examination: the opposite is virtually true. The reasons are as follows.
2. Nowadays, that college students can get married/ Whether college students should get married/ getting married as a college student has been brought into focus. Although many people hold positive attitude towards this, listing sorts of its advantages, I doubt whether the argument bears close analysis.
3. Should college students get married? Is getting married as a college student a blessing or a curse? Answers to this may vary widely. As far as I am concerned, they should/ it is a blessing. The reasons are as follows.
II. Conclusion
1.. 批评型 From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that/ In conclusion, it is obvious that /All the above analysis boils down to one thing, that is, college students should not get married. We must call for immediate actions, because the situation is going from bad to worse and if permitted, it will surely lead to more disastrous consequences. Most important of all, we should promote the common awareness of the problem since it might be the first step towards change in the right direction./ It is time that special attention should be paid and effective measures should be taken, otherwise, the current situation will deteriorate so much that little can be done to stop the trend, let alone reversing it./ The ultimate solution needs persistent efforts and proper measures, but we should first of all, promote the general awareness of this problem. Without it, all the good wishes are nothing but castle in the air and when the consequences come, we will still find that we have done little and we are done.
2. 赞成型 From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that/ In conclusion, it is obvious that /All the above analysis boils down to one thing, that is, although bilingual teaching has its drawbacks, its advantages are obvious/bilingual teaching is necessary. It is high time that we place great emphasis on the development of bilingual teaching. But most important of all, we should try our best to raise the public awareness of the necessity of bilingual teaching. Without such awareness, all the good wishes are nothing but castle in the air. We will still get nowhere, doing nothing obviously effective for our goal. / It is important that we take immediate measures to lead the current situation advance in the right direction. But most important of all, we should promote the common awareness of its significance since it might be the first step towards our good wishes./ The ultimate success needs determination, constant efforts, and among other things. But we should first of all, promote the general awareness of its necessity. Without it, all the good wishes are nothing but castle in the air.
3. 平衡型 From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that/ In conclusion, it is obvious that /All the above analysis boils down to one thing, that is, bilingual teaching has its advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, we should on the one hand, make efforts to develop its ingredients that will benefit us, on the other hand, beware of the consequences its harmful ingredients are likely to bring about, and take countermeasures in advance./ therefore, we should not see it either through rose-tented lenses or pessimistic eyes. Rather, we should take a balanced stand, making efforts to help the development of its advantages while curbing that of its disadvantages./hence, we had better take a balance stand. On the one hand, we can not throw away the bucket with the baby and on the other, we can never ignore the serious consequences it is likely to bring about. 3月29日
Analyzing job application letter
A job application letter realizes such genre features in its persuasiveness in nature and communicativeness in purpose (Bhatia, 1993). The expository letter features typical formal written texts in its highly planned structure, syntactical complexity, syntactical and morphological completeness. It is decontexualised and concerned mainly with the past and future.
The text that has been chosen (see Appendix) is a typical example of a job application letter. As a subcategory of letter writing, date, name and address of the addressee, salutation, closing, and signature are laid out following the conventions. However, distinctive features particular to the genre of application letters distinguish it instantly from other daily-written letters.
In application letters, capitalized name of the applicant is usually put in the middle of the first line with additional contact details (e.g. address, phone number and email address). This reader-friendly format highlights the information of applicant and catches the eye of potential employers instantly. Title and family name of the addressee as well as the punctuation of colon used here indicates a high degree of formality.
Based on the framework for structural description to job application letter developed by Bhatia (1993), a seven-move structure with different lexico-grammatical features can be identified in the body of the letter.
- Establishing credentials and offering candidature
“Your advertisement of an Executive Assistant indicated requirements that closely match my background and expertise.”
The opening sentence directly refers to the source of information on job vacancy, explicitly demonstrates the match between needs of the employer and qualifications of the applicant, and implicitly offers candidature.
Nominalized “advertisement” is thematised to highlight the information source and the applicant’s qualifications in the position rheme indicate writer’s humbleness. Subordinate clause (“… that…”) represents the syntactic complexity of written texts.
- Enclosing document
“I have enclosed my resume to provide a summary of my qualifications and background for your review.”
The second move explains the clarificatory function of the job application letter (B, 1993) and directs reader’s attention to the more detailed description of applicant’s qualifications and experience in the enclosed resume.
- Essential detailing of candidature
“Throughout my career as an Executive Assistant, I have maintained the highest performance standards within a diverse range of administrative functions, which is clearly illustrated by my past successes. As Assistant to the Chief Financial Officer of SPTM Systems, Inc., I streamlined operations and reduced costs by consolidating operations and negotiating competitive rates with service providers. Additionally, while serving as an Assistant to a partner of Smith, Inc., I facilitated the implementation of a new promotion strategy that significantly increased the company’s profile.”
The self-appraisal in this part provides the reader with “adequately relevant, positive and credible description” (B, p.66) of the applicant’s qualifications and experience, interests, abilities and achievements, etc. to achieve persuasiveness and credibility. As the letter is decontextualised, details about companies and positions are provided so that credibility is further achieved.
The thematised temporal circumstance “Throughout …” and “…, while …”, and the circumstance of manner “As …” draw reader’s attention to the past experience and achievements related to the job requirements. Action verbs used as material processes for actor “I”, which are laid out in a three-part list “I have maintained …; I streamlined …; I facilitated …” leave the reader stronger impression on her abilities.
- Indicating additional values of candidature
“Further qualifications I offer include the following:
Ÿ Successful track record supporting the efforts of executive-level staff, including CFOs, presidents, and senior partners.
Ÿ Strong background in all aspects of office management, from scheduling meetings and coordinating travel to overseeing budget and accounting functions.
Ÿ Demonstrated capacity to develop and maintain comprehensive administrative processes that improves the efficiency of day-to-day operations.”
The second part of self-appraisal presents further qualifications as additional values of the candidature, which would contribute to the new job.
Bullet form and three-part list are used to display such values to grasp reader’s attention and show a clear structure. Nominalization enables the high capacity of complicated information in one sentence or phrase, which features a typical written text.
- Reinforcing credentials
“Currently, I am seeking an association with a company that can benefit from my expertise as an executive-level administrative assistant with excellent organizational and communication skills, an outstanding work ethic, and the ability to work equally well in both team-oriented and self-directed environments.”
In this part, the applicant employs a more daring and effective strategy to reinforce the credentials by boasting of her skills, abilities and work ethic. Three-part list is used again to impress the reader and a syntactically complex sentence is used.
- Soliciting response
“I would welcome an opportunity to meet with you to discuss my qualifications and candidacy in further detail.”
This move aims at initiating further contact for interview from the potential employer. Since this cannot really be intended by the applicant, a finite modal operator “would” with low modal commitment implies the applicant’s inclination and politeness.
- Ending politely
“Thank you for your time and consideration.”
It is crucial to end politely in job application letters, so the applicant uses a more elaborate note of “thank you” with a parallel structure of “time and consideration”.
Though such move structure is typical in application letter, there are some instances of move variations. For example, the move of establishing credentials might be preceded by adversary glorification in which credentials of the potential employer are glorified. And also, an additional move of using pressure tactics might be employed to get an earlier response or to negotiate from a position of strength.
The following 2 letters are perfect examples for the CLEAR principle. You can take a look at the first one to find the redundancy there and try to improve it. Then check your work with the colored one.
Original
Dear Sirs,
We have received your letter dated 27 March 2003.
We are extremely distressed to learn that an error was made pertaining to your esteemed order. Please be informed that the cause of your complaint has been investigated and it actually appears that the error occurred in our packing section and it was not discerned before this order was dispatched to your goodshelf.
Arrangements have been made for a repeat order to be dispatched to you immediately and this should leave our warehouse later today. It is our sincere hope that you will have no cause for further complaint with this replacement order.
Once again we offer our humblest apologies for the unnecessary inconvenience that you have been caused in this instance
Please find enclosed herewith a copy of our new catalogue for your reference and perusal.
Kindly contact the undersigned if you require any further clarifications.
Very truly yours,
Tom creep
improved
Dear Mr.Tan
Thank you for your letter of 27 March.
I am very sorry to hear about the mistake made with your order. I have looked into this and found that the mistake happened in the packing section. Unfortunately it was not discovered before the goods were sent to you.
I have arranged for a repeat order to sent to you today, and I hope this meets your requirements.
Once again, please accept my apologies for the inconvenience caused.
I enclose a copy of our new catalogue and I hope you find it interesting.
Please give me a call soon on ---if you have any questions.
Yours sincerely
Job advertisement
for Accounts Assistant for eRwanda/RCIP Projects at RITA
Rwanda (P098926) - eRwanda Project
Contract Ref: RITA/eR/CTR/RECT/38/2008
Introduction and Background
The Government of Rwanda has received a grant from the World Bank to implement its e-government strategy. This grant has been provided under the eRwanda Project which is being implemented and managed by the Rwanda Information Technology Authority (RITA) based in Kigali, Rwanda.
The Government of Rwanda is going to receive another grant from the World Bank to support Rwanda in improving its communications infrastructure. This grant will be provided under the Regional Communications Infrastructure Project (RCIP). This project is currently under preparation and was approved by the World Bank’s Board in September 2008, and the Financing Agreement was signed in October 2008. The Project will also be implemented and managed by the Rwanda Information Technology Authority (RITA) based in Kigali, Rwanda.
The RCIP project will support the government of Rwanda in improving the country’s communications infrastructure and improve the quality and transparency of government operations and service delivery.
Implementation responsibility of the PSCBP activities is being transferred to selected partner institutions, starting with MINECOFIN and RITA. The PSCBP activities under RITA will be implemented under the eRwanda Project
RITA is in need of the services of an Accounts Assistant who will;
• provide additional support to the eRwanda Project/RCIP Finance and Accounting office.
• Support all financial and accounting activities in the preparation and implementation phases of the RCIP Project in accordance with World Bank and Government of Rwanda guidelines and procedures.
• Support the financial and accounting activities involved in the PSCBP Component 5 projects managed and implemented by RITA through the eRwanda Project
Job Title: Accounts Assistant
Location: Based at RITA headquarters (Telecom House-Kacyiru).
Job Purpose: Support the eRwanda Project /RCIP Financial Management Specialists in managing all Finance related activities in accordance with World Bank and Government of Rwanda guidelines and procedures.
Reporting structure: During the period of the preparation of RCIP, the Accounts Assistant will report to the eRwanda Project Manager within RITA.
Terms and Conditions of Appointment: This appointment is based on an annual performance contract, subject to review based on satisfactory performance
Key Responsibilities/ Job Specification
The Accounts Assistant will work very closely with the Financial Management Specialists of the eRwanda Project/RCIP and report to the eRwanda Project Manager. The Accounts Assistant will have the following duties:
• Processing cheque payments
• Making payments on behalf of the Projects to the Banks /suppliers of goods and services
• Ensure that Financial transactions are recorded, have adequate supporting documentation and can be easily extracted for the purpose of preparing financial statements
• Maintain Petty cash and make all Petty cash payments
• Preparation of monthly payrolls
• Payment of statutory contributions in time e.g CSR, TPR
• Safe Custody and maintenance of registers for all Project Assets.
• Custody of Inventory and maintaining all inventory records
• Any other duties that may be assigned from time to time by the Project Manager
Required Academic Qualifications, Knowledge, Competences and Skills
• Rwandan nationality preferred
• At least 2 years experience in a Finance/Accounts related discipline
• University degree in Accounting and Finance or a related discipline.
• Be prepared to work under pressure.
• Computer literate with good knowledge of MS Office (word, excel, Access, PowerPoint)
• Fluent in English or French with a working knowledge of the other language.
• Excellent communication and analytical skills.
• Be free to take office immediately.
Interested candidates may obtain detailed information at the address below:
eRwanda Project
TELECOM House- 5th Floor
PO BOX: 7229 Kigali
Telephone: 587558, email: wilson.muyenzi@rita.rw
Application letters accompanied by certified copies of relevant certificates together with Curriculum Vitae (CV) should be addressed to the above address and sent on or before Wednesday 10th of December 2008, at 200p.m
Done at Kigali on
Nkubito M. BAKURAMUTSA
Deputy CEO IT- RDB 3月28日
1．经济的快速发展 the rapid development of economy
2．人民生活水平的显著提高/ 稳步增长 the remarkableimprovement/ steady growth of people’s living standard
3．先进的科学技术 advanced science and technology
4．面临新的机遇和挑战 be faced with new opportunities and challenges
5．人们普遍认为 It is commonly believed/ recognized that…
6．社会发展的必然结果 the inevitable result of social development
7．引起了广泛的公众关注 arouse wide public concern/ draw public attention
8．不可否认 It is undeniable that…/ There is no denying that…
9．热烈的讨论/ 争论 a heated discussion/ debate
10. 有争议性的问题 a controversialissue
11．完全不同的观点 a totally different argument
12．一些人 …而另外一些人 … Some people… while others…
13. 就我而言/ 就个人而言 As far as I am concerned, / Personally,
14．就…达到绝对的一致 reach an absolute consensus on…
15．有充分的理由支持 be supported by sound reasons
16．双方的论点 argument on both sides
17．发挥着日益重要的作用 play an increasingly important role in…
18．对…必不可少 be indispensableto …
19．正如谚语所说 As the proverb goes:
20．…也不例外 …be no exception
21．对…产生有利/不利的影响 exert positive/ negative effects on…
22．利远远大于弊 the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages.
23．导致，引起 lead to/ give rise to/ contribute to/ result in
24．复杂的社会现象 a complicated social phenomenon
25．责任感 / 成就感 sense of responsibility/ sense of achievement
26. 竞争与合作精神 sense of competition and cooperation
27. 开阔眼界 widen one’s horizon/ broaden one’s vision
28．学习知识和技能 acquire knowledge and skills
29．经济/心理负担 financial burden / psychologicalburden
30．考虑到诸多因素 take many factors into account/ consideration
31. 从另一个角度 from another perspective
32．做出共同努力 make joint efforts
33. 对…有益 be beneficial / conducive to…
34．为社会做贡献 make contributions to the society
35．打下坚实的基础 lay a solid foundation for…
36．综合素质 comprehensivequality
37．无可非议 blameless / beyond reproach
38.加大了…的可能性 increase the chances of
39．致力于/ 投身于 be committed / devoted to…
40. 应当承认 Admittedly,
41．不可推卸的义务 unshakable duty
42. 满足需求 satisfy/ meet the needs of…
43．可靠的信息源 a reliablesource of information
44．宝贵的自然资源 valuable natural resources
45．因特网 the Internet （一定要由冠词，字母I46．方便快捷 convenient and efficient
47．在人类生活的方方面面 in all aspects of human life
48．环保（的） environmental protection / environmentally friendly
49．社会进步的体现 a symbol of society progress
50．科技的飞速更新 the ever-accelerated updating of science and technology
51．对这一问题持有不同态度 hold different attitudes towards this issue
52．支持前/后种观点的人 people / those in favor of the former/ latteropinion
53．有/ 提供如下理由/ 证据 have/ provide the following reasons/ evidence
54．在一定程度上 to some extent/ degree / in some way
55. 理论和实践相结合 integratetheory with practice
56. …必然趋势 an irresistible trend of…
57．日益激烈的社会竞争 the increasingly fierce social competition
58．眼前利益 immediate interest/ short-term interest
59．长远利益. interest in the long run
60．…有其自身的优缺点 … has its merits and demerits/ advantages and disadvantages
61．扬长避短 Exploit to the full one’s favorableconditions and avoid unfavorable ones
62．取其精髓，去其糟粕 Take the essence and discard the dregs.
63．对…有害 do harm to / be harmful to/ be detrimental to
64．交流思想/ 情感/ 信息 exchange ideas/ emotions/ information
65．跟上…的最新发展 keep pace with / catch up with/ keep abreast with
the latest development of …
66．采取有效措施来… take effective measures to do sth.
67．…的健康发展 the healthy development of …
68．有利有弊 Every coin has its two sides.（不推荐用。。。）
No garden without weeds.
69．对…观点因人而异 Views on …vary from person to person.
70．重视 attach great importance to…
71．社会地位 social status
72．把时间和精力放在…上 focus time and energy on…
73．扩大知识面 expand one’s scopeof knowledge
74．身心两方面 both physically and mentally
75．有直接/间接关系 be directly / indirectly related to
76. 提出折中提议 set forth a compromise proposal
77. 可以取代 “think”的词 believe, claim, maintain, argue, insist, hold the opinion/ belief that
78．缓解压力/ 减轻负担 relievestress/ burden
79．优先考虑/发展… give (top) priority to sth.
80．与…比较 compared with…/ in comparison with
81. 相反 in contrast / on the contrary.
82．代替 replace/ substitute / take the place of 大写）
83．经不起推敲 cannot bear closer analysis / cannot hold water
84．提供就业机会 offer job opportunities
85. 社会进步的反映 mirror of social progress
86．毫无疑问 Undoubtedly, / There is no doubt that…
87．增进相互了解 enhance/ promote mutualunderstanding
88．充分利用 make full use of / take advantage of
89．承受更大的工作压力 suffer from heavier work pressure
90．保障社会的稳定和繁荣 guarantee the stability and prosperity of our society
91．更多地强调 put more emphasis on…
92．适应社会发展 adapt oneself to the development of society
93．实现梦想 realize one’s dream/ make one’s dream come true
94. 主要理由列举如下 The main reasons are listed as follows:
95. 首先 First， Firstly， In the first place, To begin with
96．其次 Second, Secondly, In the second place
97. 再次 Besides，In addition, Additionally, Moreover, Furthermore
98. 最后 Finally, Last but not the least, Above all, Lastly,
99. 总而言之 All in all, To sum up, In summary, In a word,
100．我们还有很长的路要走 We still have a long way to go
句子就是财富,句子就是一切,这些句子是从近百篇雅思优秀作文中摘录下来并经反复推敲提炼而成的.对于复习时间短,基础较薄弱的朋友能够在短期内熟悉且背诵这些经典句子无疑是准备雅思考试的捷径。
according to a recent survey ,four-million people die each year from diseases linked to smoking.
依照最近的一项调查,每年有4,000,000人死于与吸烟相关的疾病.
the latest surveys show that quite a few children have unpleasant associations with homework.
最近的调查显示相当多的孩子对家庭作业没什么好感.
no invention has received more praise and abuse than internet.
没有一项发明象互联网同时受到如此多的赞扬和批评.
people seem to fail to take into account the fact that education does not end with graduation.
人们似乎忽视了教育不应该随着毕业而结束这一事实.
many experts point out that physical exercise contributes directly to a person’s physical fitness.
许多专家指出体育锻炼直接有助于身体健康.
nowadays ,many students always go into raptures at the mere mention of the coming life of high school or college they will begin. unfortunately ,for most young people ,it is not pleasant experience on their first day on campus.
当前,一提到即将开始的学校生活,许多学生都会兴高采烈.然而,对多数年轻人来说,校园刚开始的日子并不是什么愉快的经历.
in view of the seriousness of this problem ,effective measures should be taken before things get worse.
考虑到问题的严重*,在事态进一步恶化之前,必须采取有效的措施.
proper measures must be taken to limit the number of foreign tourists and the great efforts should be made to protect local environment and history from the harmful effects of international tourism.
应该采取适当的措施限制外国旅游者的数量,努力保护当地环境和历史不受国际旅游业的不利影响.
an increasing number of experts believe that migrants will exert positive effects on construction of city .however ,this opinion is now being questioned by more and more city residents ,who complain that the migrants have brought many serious problems like crime and prostitution.
越来越多的专家相信移民对城市的建设起到积极作用.然而,越来越多的城市居民却怀疑这种说法,他们抱怨民工给城市带来了许多严重的问题,象犯罪和卖淫.
many city residents complain that it is so few buses in their city that they have to spend much more time waiting for a bus ,which is usually crowded with a large number of passengers.
许多市民抱怨城市的公交车太少,以至于他们要花很长时间等一辆公交车,而车上可能已满载乘客.
there is no denying the fact that air pollution is an extremely serious problem :the city authorities should take strong measures to deal with it.
无可否认，空气污染是一个极其严重的问题：城市当局应该采取有力措施来解决它。
an investigation shows that female workers tend to have a favorable attitude toward retirement.
一项调查显示妇女欢迎退休.
a proper part-time job does not occupy student’s too much time .in fact ,it is unhealthy for them to spend all of time on their study .as an old saying goes :all work and no play makes jack a dull boy
一份适当的业余工作并不会占用学生太多的时间,事实上,把全部的时间都用到学习上并不健康,正如那句老话:只工作,不玩耍,聪明的孩子会变傻.
any government which is blind to this point may pay a heavy price.
任何政府忽视这一点都将付出巨大的代价.
an increasing number of people are beginning to realize that education is not complete with graduation.
越来越多的人开始意识到教育不能随着毕业而结束.
when it comes to education ,the majority of people believe that education is a lifetime study.
说到教育,大部分人认为其是一个终生的学习.
the majority of students believe that part-time job will provide them with more opportunities to develop their interpersonal skills ,which may put them in a favorable position in the future job markets.
大部分学生相信业余工作会使他们有更多机会发展人际交往能力,而这对他们未来找工作是非常有好处的.
it is indisputable that there are millions of people who still have a miserable life and have to fact the dangers of starvation and exposure.
无可争辩,现在有成千上万的人仍过着挨饿受冬的痛苦生活.
although this view is widely held ,there is little evidence that education can be obtained at any age and at any place.
尽管这一观点被广泛接受,很少有证据表明教育能够在任何地点任何年龄进行.
no one can deny the fact that a person’s education is the most important aspect of his life.
没有人能否人这一事实:教育是人生最重要的一方面.
people equate success in life with the ability of operating computer .
人们把会使用计算机与人生成功相提并论
要做到reader-friendly,这是key point!如何达到这一点，本人觉得有以下几点：
1.结构。
条理清楚，最好一个段落表达一个意思，段落宜适中，不宜太长。针对IELTS250字，
可如此分配：para 1: introduction: state the fact, and show ur standpoint.(for or against, better both)
para 2: key sentence+support evidence (for)
para 3: key sentence+support evidence (against)
para 4: conclusion
根据你的ideas，for / against，可以多写一段，写出两个for or 两个against, 表明你更倾向于哪一方面。
在表达观点时，要记住一点，should之类不应用得太多，因为你是在阐述一个观点，这是主观的，不要太绝对，如果换作是中文，你一讲就是“你应该怎么样”？ 读者会觉得，你在强迫他接受你的观点，可以用一些be likely to or may/might。
2.连词，副词和短语的运用
在有清晰的结构之后，要有连词把各个段落有机联结在一起，还在有段中，句与句之间的连接。副词来增强形容词与动词的表现力；另外不必一定要使用复杂的词汇，真正地道的英文，短语用得非常多。
比如连词：hence
副词：dramatically
短词：be likely to
3.简单，复杂句的并用，不要吝啬“，”
如果一篇文章一看没几个“，”，几乎全是复杂句，显得很有水准，但reader-friendly? 每段的中心句可用复杂句。
4.语法：单复数，a/an/the，不要缩写.
语法错误是难免的，但要尽量不要犯一些低级的，比如单复数，还有最易错的是如何运"the".还有不要把did not 缩成didn't.
5.用词的多样性.
常用的单词可多记几个同义词，这样在文章中读起来更舒服些。比如可能,may,perhaps,be likely to 因此hence, thus, consequently, as a result. 重要important vital crucial
整理一下我自己认为重要的一些词与短语，相信对写作有所帮助
burning question 目前急待解决的问题，最吸引人的问题，可用于第一段，亦可用pay attention to, attract .... , raise ... concern
完全地 altogether , completely, pure and simple(完全的)
基本上 by and large
全面地 across-the board
全面的 comprehensive
许多：a plethora of (opportunities)=a large number of 不可能数用a large amout of
scads of , dozens of ，the bulk of
几个：a couple of =several
唯一而不可缺少的 unique and indispensable
不可避免的 inevitable = unavoidable
Unpalatable fact 不如人意的事实
Peter out 慢慢消失fade away 逐渐减弱Play a pivotal role = vital 关键的= important
from the minuscule low to the majestic high 从最低到最高Expedite = speed up = accelerate 加速
Tackle (fix, deal with, handle, solve) the problem（issue） 解决，处理问题
better off,更好，eg. It is better off taking a rest. 休息一下会更好。
归因于Ascribe to = attribute to
由于 by virtue of = due to = thanks to 接名词+ 从句 because = inasmuch as
在考试中的发挥，可能写不出平时练习的水平，因为时间紧迫再加上考试的压力，所以，还是建议写四段，事实上我在雅考中的写作，我写得感觉很差，因为用词很一般，而且句式也一般，唯一感觉好的就是条理清楚与论据充足，也许正因为此才拿了七分，希望大家能有所帮助
句子也是如此，我们提倡简炼，但不是说都用简单句。有人认为在写作考试中，采用简单句、短句、容易掌握，不在会出错，因而也最保险。这话没有错，但简单句用得太多，造成简单句的堆彻实际上是语言技巧不成熟、不老练，甚至语言水平低下的表现。在阅卷人员看来，同样的意思内容，一个考生能够运用比较复杂的句子结构来表达，其语言水平当然要比只会用简单句来表达的考生的语言水平高出一截，就是有点错也不妨碍他比后者取得较高的分数，因为他的难度系数要高。在某种意义上来说，在词数相同的作文中，语言水平越高，语言技巧越熟练，句子的数目也就越少。这就意味着句子长了，句子结构复杂了。
当然，我们反对过多地使用简单句并不是鼓励学生去刻意追求长句、复杂句。我们追求的是句子结构的多变。一篇文章能根据表达的内容使用不同的句子结构，会产生较好的艺术效果。
例子1
The Career I Pursue的主体段：
A variety of reasons have led me to choose this occupation over other more lucrative ones. First, teaching is learning. To make my lectures more interesting, I have to read more books, explore new knowledge and gain a better understanding of the world—the very thing I like to do in my life. Second, teaching means freedom. As a teacher, I can freely express my opinions and explain them in my own way since nobody will interfere with me. Finally, I like teaching because it offers a certain peace of mind. No more rushing to catching a morning bus, no more anxiety to please a boss, and no more worries about being laid off because you are getting old.文中有4个词的短句First, teaching is learning.也有27个词的长句To make my lectures more interesting, I have to read more books, explore new knowledge and gain a better understanding of the world—the very thing I like to do in my life.有简单句,也有复杂句As a teacher, I can freely express my opinions and explain them in my own way since nobody will interfere with me;还有同位语句，断裂句，排比句，比较句等,因而文章读起来节奏感强。所谓句子变化，主要是指句子的开头要有变化，句子的结构要有变化，句子的长度要有变化。不要连续使用几个简单句（如例9中的a）），要学会使用复杂句（如例9中的b））。
例2
a) Teenagers are pressured by school work. They are also encouraged by their peers. Under such circumstances, they resort to smoking. But sometimes they feel a little guilty.
b) Pressured by school work and encouraged by their peers, teenagers often resort to smoking, tough they feel a little guilty sometimes.
a) College students now are primarily interested in grades and economic success. They are expected to cheat on exams more frequently. This is not like those who graduated 10 years ago. They are only concerned with their own personal future. They consider little problems of society. All these are reported by a recent study.
b) A recent study reports that college students now are primarily interested in grades and economic success, that they are expected to cheat on exams more frequently than those who graduated 10 years ago, and that they are more concerned with their own personal future than with problems of society.
不要总是以有生命的名词和人称代词开头(受汉语表达习惯的影响,不少考生部喜欢以I，People，We等开头)，如例10中的a）。
例3
a) Many people think birth control is quite necessary in China.
b) It is widely (commonly) thought/believed/held/accepted) that birth control is quite necessary in China.
a) More and more people agree (realize/are aware) that women should enjoy full equality with men.
b) There is a growing agreement (realization/awareness) that women should enjoy full equality with men.
a) Many Chinese people have gone to the United States in the past 15 years.
b) The past 15 years have brought many Chinese people to the United States.
a) We almost forget this event.
b) This event is now almost fading from our memory.
a) Students should certainly make continuous efforts.
b) Continuous efforts on the part of students are certainly required.
a) We easily drew the conclusion through the investigation.
b) The investigation easily led us to the conclusion.
不要千篇一律地使用主动态(英语中被动结构的使用频率远高于汉语),如例11中的a）。
例4
a) We are making great efforts to improve our English.
b) Great efforts are being made to improve our English.
a) We know very little about the nature of human beings.
b) Little is known about the nature of human beings.
a) Because of social demands, there appear many evening schools.
b) Many evening schools are called into existence by social demands.
a) We may think more of the elderly who live apart from their children.
b) More thought may be given to the elderly who live apart from their children.
不要总是用(如果),(因为),(当)等口语意味较重的句子,如例12中的a); 要注意使用书面语体的句子, 如例12中的b).
例5
a) if you compare bicycles with cars carefully, you will find bicycles are superior to cars
b) careful comparison of bicycles with cars will cars will show the superiority of the former over the latter.
a) If we only apply book knowledge, we will not get good results.
b) The application of book knowledge alone won’t bring you good results.
a) If we can better understand the greater pressure of population growth, we will have a correct attitude towards family planning.
b) A better understanding of the greater pressure of population growth is essential to a correct attitude towards family planning.
a) When a woman sees that she is going to be laid off, she begins to worry all day and night.
b) The mere prospect of lay-off would set a women to worry all day and night.
a) When our teacher had left, the heated discussion then ended.
b) The departure of our teacher brought the heated discussion to an end.
a) Only when we make continuous efforts, can we seize an opportunity when it occurs.
b) Continuous efforts must be made before it is possible for us to seize an opportunity when it occurs.
a) Because we cannot apply book knowledge to practice, we cannot handle real problems in society.
b) The inability to apply book knowledge to practice prevents us from handing real problems in society.
a) Because the decision recognizes the rights of students, so they all welcome it.
b) Students all welcome the decision which recognizes their rights.
不要对动词过分依赖,如例13的a); 要学会用名词结构来表达意思, 如例13的b)
例6
a) The style of living has become more and more popular and accepted by more and more young people.
b) The style of living has found its growing popularity and acceptance among young people.
a) It is time for us to revise educational system and then provide it to our society.
b) It is time for us to provide our society a revised educational system.
a) If we are watching too much TV, our reading ability will be seriously affected.
b) Heavy exposure to TV will exert an negative effect on our reading ability.
a) If we don’ t recognize the serious problem of growing population, we will make a big mistake.
b) Failure to recognize the seriousness of growing population will lead to a big mistake.
不要总是用肯定句来表达,如例14中的a);要学会用否定句来表达肯定的意思, 如例14中的b).
例7
a) Every young boy and girl wants to earn a little money to help cover higher college cost.
b) There is hardly a young boy and girl who doesn’t want to earn a little money to help cover higher college cost.
a) Whenever you pick up a newspaper, you will always find advertisements.
b) It is impossible to pick up a newspaper without finding advertisements.
a) Gathering around and listening to mother or father read a good story is the best pastimes to bring a family closer together.
b) Few pastimes bring a family closer together than gathering around and listening to mother or father read a good story.
a) Do is the most basic issue to individual and national survival.
b) No issue is as basic to individual and national survival as food.
恰当地使用排比、平行句，如例15中的b).
例8
a) I am in favor of equal rights for women. I think women should especially have the right to compete with men for jobs on equal terms. They should get the same pay as men for the same job. They should also have equal opportunities for promotion.
b) I am in favor of equal rights for women, especially the right to compete with men for jobs on equal terms, the right to get the same pay as men for the same job, and the right to equal opportunities for promotion.
a) The nationwide controversy over the current reforms will test the courage of our people. Through the controversy we can also see the determination of our government.
b) The nationwide controversy over the current reforms will test the courage of our people and the determination of our government.
a) For the first time in history Chinese citizens held such power in their own hands. In the past they have never been allowed such vigorous and unrestrained debate on politics.
b) Never before in history have Chinese citizens held such power in their own hands. Never before in history have they been allowed such vigorous and unrestrained debate on politics
一． 不一致（disagreements）所谓不一致不光指主谓不一致，它还包括了数的不一致,时态不一致及代词不一致等．例１．When one have money, he can do what he want to .(人一旦有了钱，他就能想干什么就干什么．)剖析：one是单数第三人称，因而本句的have应改为has ;同理，want应改为wants.本句是典型的主谓不一致．改为： Once one has money, he can do what he wants (to do)
二． 修饰语错位（misplaced modifiers）英语与汉语不同，同一个修饰语置于句子不同的位置，句子的含义可能引起变化．对于这一点中国学生往往没有引起足够的重视，因而造成了不必要的误解．例１． I believe I can do it well and I will better know the world outside the campus.剖析：better位置不当，应置于句末．
三． 句子不完整（sentence fragments）在口语中，交际双方可借助手势语气上下文等，不完整的句子完全可以被理解．可是书面语就不同了，句子结构不完整会令意思表达不清，这种情况常常发生在主句写完以后，笔者又想加些补充说明时发生．例１． There are many ways to know the society. for example by TV ,radio ,newspaper and so on .剖析：本句后半部分＂for example by TV ,radio ,newspaper and so on .”不是一个完整的句子，仅为一些不连贯的词语，不能独立成句．改为：There are many ways to know society,for example ,by TV ,radio ,and newspaper.
四． 悬垂修饰语（dangling modifiers）所谓悬垂修饰语是指句首的短语与后面句子的逻辑关系混乱不清．例如：At the age of ten, my grandfather died. 这句中＂at the age of ten＂只点出十岁时，但没有说明” 谁”十岁时．按一般推理不可能是my grandfather, 如果我们把这个悬垂修饰语改明确一点，全句就不那么费解了．改为：When I was ten, my grandfather died.例１．To do well in college, good grades are essential.剖析：句中不定式短语 “to do well in college” 的逻辑主语不清楚．改为：To do well in college, a student needs good grades.
五． 词性误用(misuse of parts of speech)“词性误用”常表现为：介词当动词用；形容词当副词用；名词当动词用等．例１．None can negative the importance of money.剖析：negative 系形容词，误作动词。改为：None can deny the importance of money.
六． 指代不清(ambiguous reference of pronouns)指代不清主要讲的是代词与被指代的人或物关系不清，或者先后所用的代词不一致。试看下面这一句：Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted her to be her bridesmaid.(玛丽和我姐姐很要好，因为她要她做她的伴娘。)读完上面这一句话，读者无法明确地判断两位姑娘中谁将结婚，谁将当伴娘。如果我们把易于引起误解的代词的所指对象加以明确，意思就一目了然了。这个句子可改为：Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to be her bridesmaid.例1. And we can also know the society by serving it yourself.剖析：句中人称代词we 和反身代词yourself指代不一致。改为：We can also know society by serving it ourselves.
七． 不间断句子(run-on sentences)什么叫run-on sentence?请看下面的例句。例１．There are many ways we get to know the outside world. 剖析：这个句子包含了两层完整的意思：“there are many ways.” 以及“we get to know the outside world.”。简单地把它们连在一起就不妥当了。改为：There are many ways for us to learn about the outside world. 或：There are many ways through which we can become acquainted with the outside world
八． 措词毛病(troubles in diction)diction 是指在特定的句子中如何适当地选用词语的问题，囿于教学时间紧迫，教师平时在这方面花的时间往往极其有限，影响了学生在写作中没有养成良好的推敲，斟酌的习惯。他们往往随心所欲，拿来就用。所以作文中用词不当的错误比比皆是。例１． the increasing use of chemical obstacles in agriculture also makes pollution.(农业方面化学物质使用的不断增加也造成了污染。)剖析：显然，考生把obstacles“障碍”，“障碍物”误作substance“物质”了。另外“the increasing use (不断增加的使用)” 应改为“abusive use (滥用)”。改为：The abusive use of chemical substances in agriculture also causes/leads to pollution.
九． 累赘(redundancy)言以简洁为贵。写句子没有一个多余的词；写段落没有一个无必要的句子。能用单词的不用词组；能用词组的不用从句或句子。如：In spite of the fact that he is lazy, I like him.本句的“the fact that he is lazy”系同谓语从句，我们按照上述“能用词组的不用从句”可以改为：In spite of his laziness, I like him.例１． For the people who are diligent and kind, money is just the thing to be used to buy the thing they need.剖析：整个句子可以大大简化。改为：Diligent, caring people use money only to buy what they need.
十． 不连贯(incoherence)不连贯是指一个句子前言不对后语，或是结构上不畅通。这也是考生常犯的毛病。例１． The fresh water, it is the most important things of the earth. 剖析：the fresh water 与逗号后的it 不连贯。it 与things 在数方面不一致。改为：Fresh water is the most important thing in the world.十一． 综合性语言错误(comprehensive misusage)所谓“综合性语言错误”，是指除了上述十种错误以外，还有诸如时态，语态，标点符号，大小写等方面的错误。例1．Today, money to everybody is very importance, our’s eat, cloth, live, go etc.剖析： 在be动词后用的是名词 importance, 应用形容词important,物主代词our 后不能跟’s,将动词eat, cloth, live, go 误作名词用了。 改为：Today, money to everybody is very important, our eating, clothing, living , transportation etc
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